and a pair of melanistic streaks appears along the 

 premaxillaries. At about 11.0 mm, a melanistic patch ap- 

 pears on the opercle and enlarges with further develop- 

 ment. At about 12.5 mm, a blotch appears at the sym- 

 physis of the lower jaw. In 15-mm larvae, blotches appear 

 around the nares, ventroposterior to the eyes, and at the 

 isthmus. At about 17.0 mm, melanophores cover most of 

 the dorsal and lateral surfaces of the head. 



On the body the initial pigment pattern is augmented 

 by the appearance of melanophores at the posterior edge 

 of the hypural plates in 9-mm larvae. At the completion 

 of notochord flexion, the posterior edge of each hypural 

 plate is outlined by a pigment streak. At about 10.0 mm, 

 deeply embedded pigment begins to form along the dor- 

 sal aspect of the more posterior vertebral centra. This 

 spreads anteriorly and at about 16.0 mm the dorsal as- 

 pect of the entire vertebral column is covered. At about 

 13.5 mm a line of melanophores forms along the pos- 

 terior segment of the lateral line and extends progres- 

 sively anteriad with further larval development. Also, 

 each of the distal radial elements of the dorsal fin 

 develops a melanistic spot as do the distal radials of the 

 anal fin in 15-mm larvae. 



The epaxial region of the trunk begins to be covered 

 with melanophores in 16-mm larvae. These are concen- 

 trated along the myosepta. At about 24.0 mm the entire 

 half of the trunk above the lateral line is covered, mark- 

 ing the transition to the pelagic juvenile phase. The pec- 

 toral and pelvic fins develop no melanistic pigmentation 

 in larvae or pelagic juveniles. 



Distribution. — The geographic and bathymetric dis- 

 tribution of Sebastes in the North Atlantic is the subject 

 of an enormous literature and need not be discussed here. 

 Much of the information on distribution of adults is sum- 

 marized in Templeman (1959) and in the proceedings of 

 an international symposium on redfish (Templeman 

 1961), although most of his references to S. marinus men- 

 tella refer to S. fasciatus (Eschmeyer, pers. commun.). 

 The symposium proceedings also contain a summary of 

 information on distribution of larvae (Einarsson 1961). 



Sebastes viviparus (Kr»(yer), Figure 20 



Literature. — Literature references on S. viviparus lar- 

 vae were cited in the literature review for the genus. In 

 the earlier literature, larvae of S. viviparus were 

 sometimes confused with S. marinus. Templeman and 

 Sandeman (1959) have reviewed this literature and at- 

 tempted to correct the errors. The two most useful papers 

 on S. viviparus larvae are by Taning (1961) and 

 Einarsson (1960). In these papers, larvae of S. viviparus 

 and S. marinus are described and compared with em- 

 phasis on the differentiating characters of pigmentation 

 and spination. 



A series of larvae up to 10.6 mm was obtained from the 

 collections of the Dana Expeditions and measured to 

 provide a table of morphometries for comparison with 

 other North Atlantic species (Table 21). This is 



Table 2\ . MeasurerMnts ("*") o^ larvae of Sebastes vlylparus . (Specimens between dashed 

 lines are undergoing notochord flexion.) 



presented with a brief description that incorporates 

 previously unreported characters together with those of 

 Taning (1961) 



Distinguishing features. — Sebastes viviparus larvae 

 are born at a size 1 to 2 mm smaller than S. marinus lar- 

 vae. Taning (1961) illustrated a 5.8-mm full-term in- 

 traovarian larva of S. viviparus; the smallest planktonic 

 larvae in our series was 5.4 mm. Other developmental 

 events also occur at a smaller size in S. viviparus com- 

 pared with S. marinus. Notochord flexion begins at 

 about 7.8 mm in our series and is completed at about 10.6 

 mm. In S. marinus it begins at about 8.5 mm and is com- 

 pleted at about 11.8 mm. Einarsson (1960) and Taning 

 (1961) pointed out that development of the head spines, 

 particularly the preopercular series, is at a relatively ad- 

 vanced state in S. viviparus larvae of the same size as 

 those of S. marinus. The size at transformation into the 

 pelagic juvenile stage cannot be ascertained from our 

 series since the largest larva is 10.6 mm. There are no 

 literature references to size at transformation for this 

 species. 



Developmental changes in body proportions follow 

 those of S. marinus with some apparent differences in 

 mean values for the principal larval stages. Means for 

 relative eye diameter, body depth, and pectoral fin base 

 depth are greater than in S. marinus for preflexion lar- 

 vae and larvae undergoing notochord flexion (Table 22). 



The pattern of melanistic pigmentation is similar to 

 that of S. marinus; however, the presence of one or more 

 caudal melanophores in S. viviparus larvae separates 

 this species from S. marinus (Templeman and 

 Sandeman 1959; Einarsson 1960; Taning 1961). The in- 

 completeness of our series precludes a thorough com- 

 parison of pigment pattern in S. viviparus with those of 

 other North Atlantic species, but, we have discovered 

 some previously unreported differences. 



Pigment features develop in smaller sized larvae of S. 

 viviparus compared with S. marinus. Several heretofore 

 unreported features begin to appear in larvae about 6.0 

 mm long. A group of melanophores form at the tip of the 

 snout and remain prominent up to the termination of our 

 series at 10.6 mm. Although a melanophore may be pres- 

 ent in this region in occasional specimens of S. marinus 



31 



