can cause odor and taste in milk and 

 milk products. 



ParthenocissiLS quinquefolia (L.) Planch., 

 Virginia Creeper or Woodbine 

 Fig. 4. Southeastern Maine to Florida 

 and Texas. 



PolygoneUa articulata (L.) Meisn., 

 Jointweed 

 Fig. 84. Maine to North Carolina. 



Amhi^osia artemisnfolia L., Ragweed 

 Fig. 72. Newfoundland to Florida and 

 Texas. A pernicious weed. One of the 

 causes of hay fever in the late summer. 



Myrica pensylvanica Loisel., Bayberry 

 Fig. 19. Southern Newfoundland, east- 

 ern New Brunswick to North Carolina. 

 Wax from the berries used formerly for 

 candles. 



Scleranthtis annuus L., Knawel 



Fig. 51. Prince Edward Island south 

 to Florida. 



Datura stramonium L., Jimson Weed 

 Fig. 75. Massachusetts to Pennsylva- 

 nia. Locally northward and southward. 

 A subcosmopolitan weed from South 

 America, ill scented and poisonous. 

 Frequently growing on plant debris on 

 beaches. 



Molhiga verticillata L., Carpet Weed 

 Fig. 44. Nova Scotia, Quebec, south to 

 Florida and Texas. 



Linaria canadensis (L.) Dumont. Old 

 Field Toadflax 

 Fig. 87. With the variety from Nova 

 Scotia to Florida and Texas. 



Riimex acetosella L., Sheep Sorrel 

 Fig. 60. Ubiquitous weed of worn out 

 soils. Quebec to Virginia. 



Sonchus oleraceus L., Common Sow 

 Thistle 

 Fig. 70. Newfoundland and southward 

 to Florida. 



Spartina patens (Ait.) Muhl., Salt 

 Marsh Hay 

 Fig. 94. Newfoundland to Virginia. 



Ammophila breviligulata Fern., Beach 

 or Marram Grass 

 Fig. 90. Newfoundland and southern 

 Labrador to North Carolina. Planted 

 to hold dunes and beaches. 



Bromris tectorum L., Cheat 



Fig. 101. Southern Quebec to Virginia. 



Elymus virginicus L. var. halophilits 

 (Bickn.) Wieg., Terrell Grass 

 Fig. 99. Nova Scotia to Virginia. 

 Suaeda maritima (L.) Dumont., Sea 

 Blite 

 Fig. 30. Quebec to Virginia. 

 Suaeda linearis (Ell.) Moq., Sea Blite 

 Southern Maine to Florida and Texas. 

 Solanum nigrum L., Black Nightshade 



Fig. 76a. Nova Scotia to Florida. 

 Solanum dulcamara L., Bittersweet, 

 Nightshade 

 Fig. 76b. Newfoundland to Delaware. 



Vegetation of Dunes 



The dominant plants of sand dunes are listed 

 below. Plants not restricted to dunes, but oc- 

 curring there have been included. Some rare 

 plants or accidentals are probably omitted. The 

 zone number or numbers listed with each plant 

 indicate the area of the dunes where these plants 

 can generally be found (Fig. 108). The num- 

 ber of species increases from Zone I to Zone VI 

 ( Figure numbers refer to the key) . 



Zone I. From the beach to the top of the dune. Precipitous slope; fre- 



quently undercut by wave action. 



Zone II. Crest of the primary dune. Exposed to effects of salt spray. 



Zone III. Back slope of the dune protected from salt spray. 



Zone IV. Hollow. Sandy with scattered vegetation; sometimes a small 

 marsh or acid bog present; thickets of shrubs, usually ijt iso- 

 lated stands, on mounds of accumulated sand. 



Zone V. Secondary dune. The vegetation on the top may show the effects 

 of salt spray. The back part of this dune may support a 

 unique dune forest. In some cases the secondary dune is 

 absent. 



Zone VI. The transition zone to forest, tidal marsh, or a brackish pond. 

 This zone may be found directly back of the front dune if 

 the secondary system is missing. 



Figure 108. — Distributional zones where the dominate 

 plants of the sand dunes are generally found. 



1. Dominant grass of the dunes: 



Ammophila breviligulata Fern., Beach 

 or Marram Grass 

 Fig. 90. Newfoundland and southern 

 Labrador to North Carolina. Found in 

 all Zones from I to VI, but becoming- 

 less frequent from III to VI. The grass 



45 



