392 Mr. A. W. Ward [March 8, 



cumque modo ; while there was something in the whole history of 

 German civilization which safeguarded it from being permanently 

 corrupted by the new fashion of treating the relations between the 

 sexes. Cyriacus Spano;euberg, the authoi' of an Adelspiegel (mirror of 

 nobility) published at the beginning of the 17th century, speaks of 

 the place of woman iu society in a tone neither that of (jrobianism 

 nor of (jalanterie, and this tone, in spite of the coarsening and in spite 

 of the relaxing influences of the AVar, German life and literature were 

 to recover even before the ascendancy of French influence had passed 

 away. 



It wculd liave been amusing had time allowed to observe how 

 French ways and fashions of life progressed in Germany in the 

 period of the Thirty Years' War, under the influence of the intimate 

 relations between the Calvinist princes and France which marked its 

 opening period, and the later political intimacy which culminated in 

 the military compact negotiated 'by Richelieu with Bernard of 

 Weimar. French example affected the outward forms of social life 

 — the whole code of compliment, of which it seems to have been 

 reserved for the 20th century to cast out the last lingering remnants 

 — the amusements of the upper and middle classes, games and other 

 diversions — matters of food and drink and the whole science of the 

 table— the vast question of dress, in which the French mode is to be 

 carefully distinguished from Spanish and partially stands in direct 

 contrast to it. Upon dress the War exercised a controlling influence 

 peculiar to itself, even the dandies of the day thinking it proper to 

 appear in wide flapping bats and top boots, and even the women 

 adopting the quasi -military fashion of head and neck gear, short cut 

 hair and scarf round the waist. Yet these were mere passing whims, 

 the extravagant expenditure on dress was permanent and remained 

 unaffected by the soberer Spanish fashions. As in dress, so in speech, 

 the War introduced, together with some Spanish and Italian words, a 

 considerable element of French into the German vocabulary ; the 

 phraseology of the cam^^aigns (there is one French word) became that 

 of' daily conversation, or allied itself (there is another) with it. The 

 contemptus tomjuae Teutonicae of which Martin Opitz in his l)Ook of 

 that name complained just before the AVar (1611) could not but con- 

 tinue to prevail during its course. I must not, however, pursue the 

 subject further, attractive as it is. Lest, however, it should be 

 assumed that to this period was due the first use of French as the lan- 

 guage of diplomacy by the side of Latin, I should, perhaps point out 

 that for this the Emperor Charles V., who was accustomed to the 

 regular use of French from his boyhood, is to be held responsible. 

 The attention given to the teaching of French and modern languages 

 could not but be increased by the contact which the AA'ar after its 

 fashion promoted ; notice, for instance, the advice urged on this head 

 by Clarendon, who had seen so many men and cities in his enforced 

 travels, and notice how often war, for one reason or another, leads 



