I'.U;^] on Recent Advances in Scientific Steel IVletallurgy 611 



demonstrated beyond doubt that the addition of a few 

 tenths per cent of vanadium raises the elastic limit of 

 mild structural steel at least 50 per cent, without 

 serioiisly impairing its ductility or presenting any diffi- 

 culty in the hot or cold working of the steel." 



Some of the results upon which these paragraphs were founded 

 are tabulated on the screen. Perhaps the most remarkable results in 

 this series are : — 



First. 



A plain carbon steel, containing about 1 per cent of carbon, has a 

 yield point of 35 tons per square inch, a maximum stress of 60 tons 

 per square inch, an elongation of 10 per cent on 2 inches, and a 

 reduction of area of 10 per cent. The addition to such steel of 

 about 0*6 per cent of vanadium raised the yield point from 35 to 65 

 tons, the maximum stress from 60 to 86 tons per square inch, still 

 leaving an elongation of 7 and a reduction of area of 8 per cent. 



Second. 



A steel containing • 25 per cent of carbon and 8 • 3 per cent of 

 nickel registered a yield point of 33 tons, a maximum stress of 42 

 tons per square inch, an elongation of 26 per cent on 2 inches, and 

 a reduction of area of 53 per cent. 



A practically identical steel, but containing in addition about 

 0*25 per cent of vanadium, recorded a yield point of 50 against 33 

 tons, a maximum stress of 68 against 42 tons per square inch. The 

 elongation was 17 per cent on 2 inches, and the reduction of area 

 36 per cent. 



Third. 



A steel containing 0*25 per cent of carbon and about 1 per cent 

 of chromium registered a yield point of 27 tons, and a maximum 

 stress of 41 tons per square inch, together with an elongation of 36 

 per cent on 2 inches and a reduction of area of 55 per cent. 



The addition of 0*25 per cent of vanadium raised the yield 

 point from 27 to 40, and the maximum stress from 41 to 55 tons per 

 square inch. The elongation was lowered from 36 to 26, and the 

 reduction of area from 55 to 53 per cent. 



Thus vanadium differs from tungsten in having an almost magic- 

 ally beneficial effect, not only on cutting, but also on structural steels. 

 In connexion with vanadium steels it is an interesting fact that the 

 series of copyrighted and published reports issued from Sheffield 

 University during the years 1900 to 11)02 were unconscious plagia- 

 risms of a series of American patents issued during the years 1904 to 

 1908. This seems to constitute a remarkable problem in psychology. 



A study of what may be called the pure science of vanadium 



