similar non-fishery programs, such as the more 

 substantial effort designed for Appalachia. In 

 all instances, unanticipated attractions, pic- 

 turesquely described as "psychic income," re- 

 sulted in a greater amount of labor immobility 

 than original calculations suggested. Program 

 costs had to be adjusted accordingly. 



Nevertheless, if transfer costs, as discussed 

 in the previous point, can be reduced by some 

 increment by an incentive program costing 

 less than this increment, then the overall costs 

 of the total management program may be 

 reduced sufficiently to result in a favorable 

 B/C ratio. These calculations would be over 

 and above the more favorable political re- 

 sponse to a program which considered these 

 transfer costs as opposed to one which did not. 



The problem of response to incentives may 

 be reduced in multiple species fisheries where 

 we wish to reduce pressure on one of the 

 species and this is technically possible. Hard- 

 ships resulting from restrictions on the king 

 crab resource were reduced by the ability of 

 the harvesting units to adapt to alternative 

 species. Indeed, New Bedford scallopers, 13 

 vessels in all, journeyed to Alaska when that 

 resource appeared (somewhat falsely) more 

 profitable than their traditional fishery. If 

 they could have been induced to leave earlier 

 then perhaps the degree of depletion in the 

 Atlantic could have been reduced. 



(9) Jurisdictional Issues: Fisheries research- 

 ers interested in formulating management 

 plans usually focus on specific fisheries in 

 their entirety. This is appropriate for every 

 "discipline" except one, the area of legal- 

 political considerations. Fish do not respect 

 jurisdictional boundaries and this has long 

 been a critical operational issue in fisheries 

 management. 



Resolution of these jurisdictional issues will 

 involve more lead time than biological and 

 economic questions. Developing interstate co- 

 operative mechanisms and widely accepted 

 international arrangements which will be polit- 

 ically acceptable while incorporating biologic- 

 al, economic, and social factors will be a 

 herculean task, witness the slow progress of 

 developing a national quota system in ICNAF 

 and the 200-mile dispute with countries 

 bounding the yellowfin tuna fishing areas. 



The individual disciplines can contribute to 

 solving this problem by orienting their work 

 so that" the trade-offs between alternative juris- 

 dictional arrangements can be readily assessed 

 in each disciplinary dimension. As the U.S. 

 develops new coastal zone and contiguous 

 zone legislation and as all nations prepare 

 for another Law-of-the-Sea conference it be- 

 comes increasingly necessary that these trade- 

 offs be specified in the near future. 



(10) The Potential of Simulation Models: 

 Much of the population dynamics research 

 done to date has involved single or multiple 

 equation regression techniques of constrained 

 maximization. Within the capabilities of these 

 techniques one (biology) or at most only two 

 (biology-economics) disciplines would be con- 

 sidered, and even then only a limited number 

 of variables in each. Many of the twelve points 

 discussed here are not included within these 

 analyses. At best they are appended on an 

 ad hoc basis. 



To formalize this ad hoc process one would 

 set out specifically to systematize these multiple 

 considerations via a simulation model, where 

 each consideration would appear sequentially 

 leading to outputs which would represent 

 many combinations of these interactions. With- 

 in this framework each specialist would not 

 be trying to extend his own area to include 

 other disciplines in the process of specifying 

 optimum solutions. Rather he would merely 

 be characterizing his own special consider- 

 ations, which might be one of several sub- 

 routines in the entire simulation program. 

 The proper manner in which these inputs 

 would be combined would be a joint responsi- 

 bility of all researchers providing the principal 

 inputs. 



To be feasible, each separate input area 

 must have reached a sufficient stage of sophisti- 

 cation and accuracy to be of use in a simula- 

 tion model. I believe this judgment can now 

 be made. This suggests that the work that 

 has been initiated at the University of Wash- 

 ington and Massachusetts Institute of Tech- 

 nology should be expanded to encompass all 

 major fisheries. Work on other water resource, 

 game resource management problems provide 

 an additional base of expertise to facilitate 

 development of these models. 



