13 



(Langdale) and circjne-valleys (Bunddale). The latter class con- 

 sist of smaller valleys which terminate in an amphitheatre; they 

 are framed in by walls of rock on three sides and open on the 

 fourth. As already mentioned, these walls of rock slope up- 

 wards in successive terraces thus forming a corresponding succes- 

 sion of valleys rising tier upon tier, bounded by encircling or 

 elliptic walls of rock, and gradually broadening until the highest 

 plateau is at length reached, the whole vallej' thus resembling a huge 

 amphitheatre. As examples of typical cirque-valleys we may mention 

 KvanhaiHjen (Fig. 8) and Hovedalen on Sydero. 



. 7. Sydero. Kvalbodalen (the valley of Kvalbo). Showing the rectory in the foreground, the sandy 

 interior of the fjord, and the dale sloping gently upwards. (After a photograph by K. Riniestad). 



Now, if we suppose the head of the cirque-valley to have been 

 removed, e. g. by marine erosion, the valley will be open at both 

 ends, the bottom at the end originally open forming the lowest part 

 of it, and the whole sloping upwards towards the head which has 

 disappeared, whence there is a steep and abrupt descent to the sea. 

 In this way must have been formed the greater part of the broad 

 hollows (Ejder) which cross the islands extending from the heads 

 of the fjords. Sydero especially abounds in such broad valleys or 

 hollows (Ejder), its narrow alongated form, its indented east and 

 unbroken west coast doubtless accounting for this faet (Fig. 7). 



But all the Ejder are not broad valleys like the above; a few 

 of them must be classed under the head of long valleys (Langdale). 

 The long valleys extend across the islands in longer or shorter hollows ; 

 the highest point, a flattened col or water-parting, generally occurs 



