Paper 2 



water fringing the coast. At lower latitudes the strong easterly 

 flow around the ridge maintained intense cooling CSST anomaly 

 >-2F (>-1.1C)l westward towards Hawaii. 



Changes in Atlantic surface temperature from winter to spring are 

 similarly explicable in terms of the movements of both 

 subtropical ridges. The westward movements on averager of the 

 Pacific ridge removed the northerly outbreaks that earlier were 

 the source of intense cooling in the Gulf of Mexico. Tempera- 

 tures there continued below normal/ but they increased by over 2F 

 (1.1C) from the previous season. The similar westward expansion 

 of the Atlantic atmospheric ridge brought the expected 

 intensification of warming off the Atlantic states* with 

 anomalies exceeding +1F (+0.6C) over a fairly extensive offshore 

 area. To the northwest of this ridge* however* vigorous offshore 

 westerly flow associated with the upstream trough continued to 

 maintain intense cooling off the Canadian Maritimes and Labrador* 

 in a continuation of the winter situation. 



Whi le 



into 



for su 



with 



small 



As s h 



still 



amp I i t 



westwa 



cell 



wester 



vl agner 



split 



S i beri 



certa i 

 summer 

 mmer ( 

 zonal 

 ce I Is* 

 own in 

 ex tend 

 ude w 

 rd* aw 

 trough 

 lies r 

 1976 

 into t 

 a and 



n e I 



* t 



Fig. 



pre 



con 



fig 

 ed 



an h 

 ay f 

 ing 

 emai 

 c)* 

 wo w 

 the 



ements 

 he mea 



2. A) 

 ssure 

 t r i but 

 ure 2 . 

 zona 1 1 

 a I ved. 

 rom t h 



cont i 

 ned an 



but 

 eaker 

 Amer i c 



of the s 

 n distrib 

 was very 



a I i gnmen 

 ing to a 

 4* a stro 

 y in mi 

 As a re 

 e Amer ica 

 nued oce 

 omalously 

 the sing 

 isolated 

 an North 



pr ing c i 

 ut i on of 

 much mo 

 t s brea 

 well -amp 

 nger tha 

 d-Pacif i 

 suit* it 

 n coast . 

 an-wide 

 st rong 

 le high 

 cells c I 

 Pacific 



rcul 

 the 



re 



king 



lifi 



n no 



c* 



s ea 

 To 

 so 



( + 5 

 lat 



ose 



coas 



at io 



700 

 c hao 



dow 

 ed 



rmal 



t hou 



ster 



th 



tha 



to 

 i tud 

 to t 

 ts . 



n we re 



mb heig 

 tic tha 

 n into p 

 mean c i 

 subt rop 

 gh its 

 n margin 

 e north 

 t the i 



+ 8 m/s 

 e trough 

 he Ar ct i 



conserved 



ht anomaly 



n before* 



atterns of 



r cu lat i on. 



ical ridge 



anomalous 



ret ract ed 



of this 



nterven ing 



in July* 



of spring 



c coast of 



This 

 w est e 

 f urth 

 su rf a 

 norma 

 deve I 

 t he w 

 (-1 .9 

 negat 

 C lum 

 took 

 subt r 

 upwe I 

 su rf a 

 CO I la 

 from 

 f rom 



c ont 

 r ly 

 e r d 

 ce 



I in 

 opme 

 este 

 C) 

 i ve 

 bi a . 



pi a 

 opi c 

 I ing 

 ce c 

 p se 

 t hei 



CO I 



inuat 

 flow 

 ramat 

 wat er 



th is 

 nt o 

 rn an 

 and 

 hei gh 

 In 

 ce . 

 al r 



off 

 ono it 

 of th 

 r pre 

 d to 



ion 



at h 



i c i 



s . 

 zon 



f a 



d no 



-3.1 



t an 

 the 

 The 



i dge 



the 



i ons 



ei r 



V iou 

 wa 



of a 

 ighe 

 nt en 



Wit 

 e* t 



vas 

 rt he 

 F ( 

 oma I 



sou 

 we 

 me 



Ame 



to 

 pare 

 s st 

 rm 



noma Iou 

 r latit 

 si f i cat 

 h surf 

 he ren 

 t area 

 rn Paci 

 -1 .7C) 

 y to th 

 t hea ste 

 aken i ng 

 ant we 

 ri can 

 extend 

 nt cell 

 renq t h 

 cond i t i 



s trough 

 uoes of t 

 ion of c 

 ace temp 

 ewed COD 

 of subnor 

 fie with 



under lyi 

 e northea 

 rn Pac i f i 

 and we 

 aker nor 

 seaboard* 

 eastward 

 * the wea 

 farther s 

 ons i n 



ing 

 he No 

 oo I in 

 eratu 

 ling 

 rral t 

 core 

 ng th 

 st of 

 c * eq 

 s twa r 

 therl 

 fin 

 to th 

 kenin 

 out h 

 the 



act i V 1 

 rth Pa 

 g in 

 res a I 



rapid 



empera 



anom 



e pr i n 



Japan 

 ua I ly 

 d ret 

 y wi nd 

 ally 

 e coas 

 g of t 

 b rough 

 sout he 



ty* 

 c i f i 



the 

 read 

 Ly 



t ure 

 a I i e 

 ci pa 

 and 

 dram 

 ract 

 s an 

 perm 

 t . 

 he 

 t a 

 ast e 



and s 

 c* brou 

 under 

 y we 1 1 

 led to 

 s t hrou 

 s of 

 I cente 



off Br 

 at i c ch 

 ion of 

 d suppr 

 i tt ing 

 And wit 

 trade 

 rapid c 

 rn Pac 



t rong 

 ght a 

 ly i ng 

 be low 

 the 

 ghout 

 -3.5F 

 rs of 

 it i sh 

 anges 

 the 

 essed 

 warm 

 h the 

 winds 

 hange 

 if i c* 



23 



