140 Thomas G. Sloafte: 



2. Length of time required for the distribution of any group of 

 land animals. We must suppose that sufficient land bridges have 

 occurred in the Tertiary Era to have enabled any group to have 

 spread over the whole earth. The case of the struthious birds may 

 be cited in support of this view, for this terrestrial group of the 

 Tertiary Era, as is shown by its geological and present distribution, 

 has found land connections which enabled it to send members into 

 every faunal region of the globe. 



3. Insects — including the order Coleoptera — are older than the 

 a,ngiospermous plants; therefore, any biological regions established 

 for plants will likely also be suitable for insects. 



4. Wallace's view that the great faunal regions should be founded 

 ■on the mammalia ought to be adhered to. 



5. Plants and insects of the order Coleoptera were in Australia 

 in Pre-Cretaceous times, and have always been there since. 



6. Parts of Australia — (e.g., ranges of south-west Australia. 

 Mount Lofty and Flinders Ranges. MacDonnell Ranges, parts of 

 Australian Alps) — have been dry land since the Palaeozoic Era. 



7. Following Deane and Spencer, the idea of a cosmopolitan 

 Tertiary flora which occupied Australia must be abandoned. 



8. There are entomological reasons for supporting the existence 

 of the Huxley-Hutton Mesozoic Trans-Pacific continent in warm 

 latitudes. 



9. The entry of the marsupials into Australia from an Antarctic 

 source, as advocated by Hedley and Spencer, is to be accepted. 



10. Tate's idea of a Post-Miocene extension of Australia to the 

 southward, to account for some analogies which Kangaroo Island 

 and Port Lincoln present with his Autochthon i an Region, is a good 

 one. It has some entomological support. 



Hutton and Spencer have agreed in ascribing four separate 

 elements to the fauna of Australia Tate, in his able exposition of 

 the botanical geography of Australia, divided the flora into two 

 primary parts. I shall quote his words : — 



" The flora of Australia consists of the following constituent 

 elements : — 



I. An immigrant portion. 



11. An endemic portion." 



If'- then divided the immigrant portion into two parts in the 

 follow ing words : — 



" (a) Oriental, which is dominant in the littoral tracts of tropical 

 Australia, (b) Andean. For the most part this type of vegetation 

 is restricted to the high mountains of Tasmania, Victoria and New 

 South Wales." 



