mo W. G. Ivens: 



impersonal use of the Verb, but he propounds no theory to account 

 for the endings of these Passive Suffixes, though he calls attention 

 to the similarity between the first part of them and the Verbal 

 Suffixes, and Mr. Ray's theory fails to account for the Passive 

 Suffixes which contain ■//. 



It will be noticed in Table iv. that the adjectival SutHxes in 

 Malagasy are the same as the Passive Suffixes. Richardson 

 (" Malagasy Grammar ") says that " the place of English Adjec- 

 tives in ttble, ihle, is supplied in Malagasy by Passive Verbs pre- 

 ceded by azo, e.g., azo hanina eatable, tsy azo resena invincible." 

 In the Dictionary hanina appears as a Noun, but the presence of 

 gana, 'ani, in Oceanic languages, nxeaning "to eat," suggests 

 that haniiHi is made up of hajii v. and vn Suffix, and resena is an 

 Adjective formed from rese v. The use of the Passives in Malagasy 

 ua, ana. ena, ina, is plain enough, but while Dr. Codrington says 

 that there is no sign of special forms in Malagasy for adjectival 

 endings Richardson in his " Grammar " in a Table of Adjectives 

 says that they are " formed from the root of the word with the 

 affix ina, ena, ana,'' and he instances nofo flesh, nofosana fleshy. 

 To this may be added vorif froth, vortna. frothy; vaoka whiskers, 

 caohina whiskered; Komotra beard, soniorina bearded; olitra a 

 worm, olerina wormy; ozatra muscle, ozatina muscular; volo hair, 

 volohui hairy. Many of the so-called Adjectives in Malagasy are 

 evidently Neuter Verbs, while others are Participles, e.g. fotsiona 

 whitened (fotsy white), is evidently a Participle. From the above 

 example the connection seems established between the Passive and 

 the adjectival (or participial) terminations in Malagasy. 



Polynesia has no adjectival endings of the first class containing 

 //, but Micronesia has Gilbert Islands mama moonlight, mamaina 

 white (Mota vida (1) moon, (2) white), and Melanesia shows four; 

 Mofca 9vnivana wide, oba tvaivn open sea (Sa'a niatawa 

 open sea, Malag, fafana, M.L. p. 189, c.f. Malag. inasina 

 salt, Figi inasima) ; Mota malea tasteless, malean Ijrackish , 

 Duke of York ina; ruma house, rumaina containing houses; Dobu 

 va: werahana witch, werahaimia witch-likv ; ha ran sorcerer, 

 haraharauna sorcerer-like; hila to rot, hilahilina. rotten; muta 

 to mould, mutamutana mouldy; 'edagi to laugh, ' eda' cdagiva hav- 

 ing the quality of laughter; siwa to pour out. Kiwaaiirana poured 

 out; 'efinie to send, 'etu'etunena the sent. New Bi-itain ina; 

 IcdLau lime, kahanina white. Malay shows an used in the same 

 way; pileh to choose, pilehhan v.t. pilrhan chosen; hantah to con- 



