Suffixes in Oceanic Languages. 331 



tradict, hantahan quarrelsome; durian a thorny fruit, duri a 

 tliorii, ra)iihutan a liairy fruit, ramhut hair, probably shown an as 

 an adjectival ending. In Tagalog an appears as an adjectival 

 Suffix e(][uivalent to -ahlc in English, lapii idea of approaching, 

 di imdapitan unapproachable. 



From the evidence of the endings in Malagasy and from the use 

 of an in Malay and tia in Melanesia as adjectival endings it may 

 safely be concluded that the termination na of the Passive Suffixes 

 in Polynesia is identiral with the termination na of the adjectival 

 Suffixes seen above. 



The use of the adjectival Suffix a in Samoan and Melanesian 

 justifies the conclusion that the Passive Suffix a is the same as the 

 adjectival Suffix a. Samoan shows a and sa as adjectival Suffixes; 

 eleelt dii-t, eleelea dirty; naoa also naosa stony; Tongan maka 

 stone, makaia stony; Motu lokua folded (Sa'a loloku to be bent). 

 The Suffix a is used with an adjectival force in the following 

 Samoan words: Tane man. tanea having to do with men; full of 

 men; lele to fly, lelea, to be carried off by the wind; lai the westerly 

 wind, laia to be bliglited by £lie Avesterly wind. In Sa'a and Ulawa 

 the adjectival Suffix when added to Verbs conveys a sense which 

 might really be said to be Passive; rere to sharpen by rubbing, 

 rere'a sharpened, clean; roro to be tight, to incur a debt, roro'a 

 to be at fault, to have incurred a debt; ere to coil, ereere'a also 

 ereerea'ile (a'i Verbal Suffix) coiled. The explanation of the Ulawa 

 word irala'awa, walaa to speak (see above, under Noun Suffixes) 

 may possi51y be found in the addition of V/, the adjectival Suffix 

 to the Verb wala. 



There remains yet the provision of a theory to account for the 

 initial portion of the Passive Suffixes. //*, mi, etc., of the second 

 class, and /, //. whi. fi' i , of the first class. It will be noticed that 

 the Consonant and first Vowel of the Passive Suffixes of the second 

 class, and the initial vowel or Consonant with Vowel (exclud- 

 ing the foriii nn) of the first class are the same as the initial Con- 

 sonants and Vowels of the Verbal Suffixes, and since the use of 

 Passives in the Polynesian languages has very probably arisen, as 

 Dr. (,'odrington suggests, from an impersonal use of the Verb as 

 seen in Melanesia, Ave seem to be justified in concluding that the 

 Passive Suffixes are made up of the Verbal Suffixes with the addi- 

 tion of the adjectival Suffixes conveying a participial force. 



The use of the Transitive Suffixes in the formation of the Pas- 

 sive Suffixes would seem to be accounted for bv what Mr. Ray says 



