MUSCULAR SYSTEM OF AVES. 89 



fibres from the diapopliyses of the five last dorsal vertebrae, which 

 pass upward, forward, and inward, to be inserted by four flat 

 tendons into the spines of the seventh to the third dorsal vertebra? 

 inclusive, and by the tendons of the spinalis dorsi into the two 

 anterior dorsal spines. 



OhliquO'Spinales. The removal of the multifidus sjiincE brings 

 into ^dew a series of long, narrow, flat tendons, coming ofl" from 

 the spines of all the dorsal vertebraa, and slightly expanding as 

 they proceed forwards and obliquely downwards and outwards ; 

 they become fleshy half-way from their origin, and are inserted 

 into the posterior oblique and transverse processes of the six 

 anterior dorsal vertebra?, and into the posterior oblique processes 

 of the three last cervical vertebrae. 



The inters-pinoles muscles do not exist in the region of the back, 

 unless we regard the preceding oblique fibres as a modified repre- 

 sentation of them. The most posterior fasciculus of muscular 

 fibres, which is directly extended between the spinous processes, 

 commences at the interspace of the spines of the two last cer^dcal 

 vertebra?, and the series is continued as far as the vertebra dentata. 



Inter articular es. The muscles which form the more direct 

 continuation of the ohliquo-spinales are continued from the pos- 

 terior zygapophysis of one vertebra to that of the next in front. 



Obliquo-transver sales. A third series of deep-seated interver- 

 tebral muscles is situated external to the preceding, and passes 

 obliquely between the diapophysis and the posterior zygapophysis 

 of the vertebra in front. These fasciculi appear to be a con- 

 tinuation of the multifidus spince in the neck. 



The intertransver sales are two series of short carneous fasciculi 

 passing the one between the diapophyses, and the other between 

 the parapophyses. 



Levatores costarum. The first or most anterior of this series of 

 muscles seems to represent the scalenus medius ; it arises from 

 both the di- and pleur-apophysis of the last cervical vertebra, and 

 expands to be inserted into the first rib, and into the upper and 

 outer part of the second rib. The remaining levatores successively 

 diminish in size as they are placed backwards ; they come ofi:' 

 from the diapophyses of the first six dorsal vertebra? ; those from 

 the first and second expand to be inserted into the rib attached to 

 the same transverse process and to the one next behind ; the rest 

 have a single insertion : the angle and the part of the rib imme- 

 diately beneath are the situations of their attachments. 



Complexus, fig. 35, 7. This strong triangular fleshy muscle 

 arises from the met- and di-apophyses of the fourth, third and 



