178 ANATOMY OF VERTEBRATES. 



Hornbill ' I found it passing over the npper end of the bladder to 

 the anterior or free surface, and the cystic duct continued from 

 the point where the cyst-hepatic duct opened into the bladder ; so 

 that the cystic duct had a communication both with the reservoir 

 and the cyst-hepatic duct; being somewhat analogous to the 

 ductus communis choledochus ; (fig. 87, where x represents the 

 orifice by which the bile passes both in and out of the gall- 

 bladder). 



In the Goose the cyst-hepatic duct terminates by a very small 

 orifice, surrounded by a smooth projection of the inner membrane, 

 which, aided by the obliquity of the duct, acts as a valve and pre- 

 vents any regurgitation towards the liver. The cystic duct here 

 passes abruptly from the posterior extremity of the gall-bladder, 

 which is not prolonged into a neck. The duct makes a turn 

 round the end of the bag, and is so closely applied to it, as to 

 require a careful examination to determine the true place of its 

 commencement. 



The hepatic duct, fig. 87, ji, arises by two branches from the 

 large lateral lobes of the liver, which unite in the fissure or 

 Agates' of the gland. Two hepatic ducts have been found in the 

 Curassow ; but these and the cystic duct terminate separately in 

 the duodenum. Of the two hepatic ducts in Pigeons, one, the 

 right and larger, enters the beginning of the duodenum, the other 

 near its termination. The place of termination of the cystic and 

 hepatic duct is generally, as shown in fig. 87, pretty close together 

 at the end of the fold of the duodenum ; but in the Ostrich one of 

 the hepatic ducts, which is very large and short, terminates in the 

 commencement of the duodenum about an inch from the pylorus ; 

 while the other enters with the pancreatic duct at the termination 

 of the duodenum. Both the cystic and hepatic ducts undergo a 

 slight thickening in their coats just before their termination. The 

 passage of the bile-ducts in Birds through the coats of the intes- 

 tine is oblique, and they terminate upon a valvular prominence of 

 the linino; membrane of the orut. 



§ 150. Pancreas of Birds, — The non-mastication of food in the 

 mouth is associated with a low condition of the salivary glands ; a 

 large pancreas is concomitant with gastric mastication, in Birds. 

 This organ, figs. 85, 87, q, q, consists of two (^Picus, Certhia, Upupa, 

 Cajirirnulgus, Grus^ Colymhus^^ and sometimes of three ( Oriolus), 

 distinct portions ; but these are so closely applied together at some 

 point of their surface as to appear like oae continuous gland, fig. 

 88. It is of a narrow, elongated, trihedral form, lodged in the inter- 



