292 ANATOMY OF VERTEBKATES. 



— more especially those of the pelvic limbs, by which the erect 

 stature and bipedal gait are maintained, — are such as to claim for 

 Man, on merely external zoological characters, ordinal distinction, 

 at least. The consequences of the liberation of one pair of limbs 

 from all service in station and progression, due to the extreme 

 modification of the other pair for the exclusive discharge of those 

 functions, are greater, and involve a superior number and quality 

 of powers, than those resulting from the change of an ungulate into 

 an unguiculate condition of limb : and they demand, therefore, an 

 equivalent value in a zoological system. But, as I have elsewhere 

 argued, Man's psychological powers, in association with his extra- 

 ordinarily developed brain, entitle the group which he represents to 

 rank with the primary divisions of the class Mammalia founded on 

 cerebral characters. In this subclass Man forms but one genus. 

 Homo, and that genus but one order, called Bimana, on account 

 of the opposable thumb being restricted to the 

 ^^^ upper pair of limbs. In every Ape the pelvic 



limb is terminated by a ^ hand,' fig. 176 ; in every 

 Man by a * foot,' fig. 181.^ In Bimana the testes 

 are scrotal; their serous sac does not communi- 

 cate with the abdomen ; they are associated with 

 vesicular and prostatic glands. The penis is 

 pendulous, without bone, and the prepuce has a 

 fnisnum. The mammai are pectoral. The placenta 

 is a single, subcircular, cellulo-vascular, discoid 

 body. 



Pelvic limi., Man. Man is uakcd, and is the sole terrestrial Mam- 



mal in that predicament: of the partial growths 

 of hair, the chief protects the head, and is distinctive of sex. 



' The fact of the homologous bones being determinable in the pelvic limb, as in 

 other parts of the skeleton, of Mammals, does not make the grasping organ of the 

 Ape, fig. 176 the less a 'hand,' nor does it prove the lacerating organ of the Lion, 

 fig. 175, to be no 'paw,' nor the swimming organ of the Seal, fig. 172, to be no ' fin.' 

 Prof Huxley, however, by pointing out those homologies between Man and the Ape, 

 under colour of a new element in the question, probably persuaded the ' working 

 men ' for whom, as ' Government Professor ' in the School of Science, he selected such 

 subject of instruction, that it was an important argument in favour of their Ape-origin, 

 So speciously indeed was this old elementary fact in zootomy set fortli, that the pro- 

 pounder succeeded in deceiving some non-anatomical authors into a belief that he 

 had really made a discovery. See Crawfurd, 'Antiquity of Man,' 8vo. 1863 : 

 * Prof. Huxley has very satisfactorily shown that the designation of " quadrumane," 

 or four-handed, is incorrectly applied to the family of monkeys. Their feet are real 

 feet, ahhough prehensile ones ; but the upper limbs are true hands,' &c., p. 18 ; also 

 Lyell, ' Antiquity of Man,' 8vo. 1863, p. 476 et seq.: whom I would refer to Cuvier, 

 ' Leyons d'Anatomie Comparee,' 8vo. 1805, torn. i. p. 376, ' Des os du coude-pied.' 



