458 ANATOMY OF VERTEBRATES. 



and so continues throughout the rest of the dorsal and the lumbar 

 series. There are no anapophyses, but a broad plate is developed 

 from the back part of each transverse process of the last lumbar, 

 which presents an articular convexity for a corresponding con- 

 cavity on the fore part of each transverse process of the first 

 sacral vertebra. 



In the Peccari {Dicotyles)^ the vertebral formula is : — 7 cervical, 

 14 dorsal, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 6 caudal. The axis vertebra 

 has a short pointed diapophysis : the third vertebra has a pleura- 

 pophysial lamella coextensive with the centrum. The corre- 

 sponding lamella increases in the fourth, the fifth, and very re- 

 markably in the sixth cervical, and they overlap each other. 

 The bony plate between the anterior zygapophysis and diapo- 

 physis is perforated by the spinal nerve in the last four cervical 

 vertebrae : the third and fourth terminate above in a large 

 platform of bone supported by vertical neurapophysial walls, 

 without a neural spine ; in the fifth a neural spine is developed, 

 and the spine progressively increases in length and inclines for- 

 ward in the sixth and seventh cervicals. The neural spines of 

 the first and second dorsals are vertical, and as long as the 

 pleurapophyses of the same vertebra. The succeeding dorsal 

 spines gradually diminish in length and incline backward to 

 the twelfth, which is short and vertical. The metapophyses begin 

 to be developed at the third dorsal, and increase in length to the 

 eleventh, after which they rise upon the zygapophyses. The 

 neural arches of all the dorsal vertebrae are directly perforated 

 by the spinal nerves, and the base of the diapophysis is vertically 

 perforated. The diapophysis of the fourteenth dorsal vertebra 

 begins to show the increase of size which characterizes the lumbar 

 series. Seven pairs of ribs directly articulate with the sternum, 

 which consists of six bones. 



In the Hog {^us Scrofd), the vertebral formula is : — 7 cervical, 

 13 dorsal, 6 lumbar, 4 sacral, and 23 caudal, with varieties, chiefly 

 depending on the number of moveable ribs developed in the 

 domestic breeds. The fifth and sixth cervical vertebrae are re- 

 markable for the great expanse of the lamelliform, overlapping, 

 and doA^mwardly directed costal parts of the transverse processes, 

 and the seventh cervical for the absence of the pleurapophysis 

 and the sudden increase in the length of the neural spine. This 

 is far surpassed by the spines of the anterior dorsal vertebrae; 

 after which those processes progressively decrease in height to 

 the last three dorsals, where they gain in antero-posterior extent : 

 the verticality of the spine of the eleventh dorsal indicates the 



