516 ANATOMY OF VERTEBRATES. 



anapophyses on the tenth dorsal, where a diapophjsial prominence 

 still articulates with the tubercle of the rib. The diapophysis 

 disappears in the succeeding dorsals in which the met- and an- 

 apophyses become distinct and remote, with progressive increase 

 of size. The diapophysis reappears in the first lumbar as a short 

 depressed process, and increases in length and breadth to the 

 penultimate lumbar. In this vertebra the anapophysis becomes 

 much shorter, and almost disappears in the last lumbar. The 

 transverse process of the atlas is perforated lengthwise and ver- 

 tically by the vertebral artery, and the neural arch is perforated. 

 The bodies of the succeeding cervicals are produced posteriorly 

 into a convex prominence which fits into a concavity on the fore 

 part of the centrum behind. Eight pairs of ribs directly arti- 

 culate with the sternum, which consists of seven bones. 



In the Capuchin ( Cebus capucinus), the tubercles representing 

 met- and an-apophyses project distinctly, the one from the fore 

 part, the other from the back part, of the diapophysis of the fifth 

 dorsal : they progressively increase in size, and become quite dis- 

 tinct in the thirteenth dorsal, in which the metapophysis has 

 risen upon the anterior zygapophysis. The anapophyses continue 

 to be developed to the penultimate lumbar. The diapophyses 

 progressively increase in length from the first to the last lumbar 

 vertebra). Ha3mal arches are articulated to the inferior inter- 

 spaces of the six anterior caudals, and are supported by distinct 

 hypapophyses from the fourth caudal, Avhich processes continue 

 to be developed after the hgemapophyses have ceased to be so. 

 Nine pairs of ribs articulate directly with the sternum, which 

 consists of seven bones and an ensiform cartilage. 



In the black Spider-monkey (Ateles niger), the tuberosity 

 above the dorsal diapophyses becomes a ridge in the eleventh 

 dorsal, and is produced forward into an angular metapophysis : 

 in the thirteenth dorsal it is produced to the same extent back- 

 ward into an anapophysis : in the fourteenth dorsal these pro- 

 cesses are distinct and well-developed^ but the diapophysis has 

 disappeared. The anapophysis is developed from the first and 

 second lumbar vertebra), and the diapophysis from all the lum- 

 bars, progressively increasing to the penultimate one. A pair of 

 liypapophyses begin to be developed from the fifth caudal, and 

 increase in size in the sixth and seventh. The hajmal arch is 

 anchylosed to these processes in the eighth and ninth caudals, 

 but the hypapophyses continue to be developed, without the 

 addition of that arch, throughout the succeeding caudal vertebra). 

 The anterior zygapophyses disappear in the ninth caudal, but the 



