SKELETON OF QUADRUMANA. 519 



Simple, and increase in length from the third to the seventh 

 cervicals. Those of the dorsal vertebras are lono^er and strongrer, 

 but diminish in length as they approach the loins ; that of the 

 tenth indicates the centre of motion of the trunk. 



In the Pig-tailed Macacque (^Macacus nemesti^inus), the atlas 

 has a strong hypapophysis, but no neural spine or tubercle : the 

 transverse process is perforated obliquely. The back part of 

 the centrum of the axis is much produced ; that of the third cer- 

 vical is less produced. The spine of the axis is long and bent 

 backward. A pleurapophysial plate extends obliquely from the 

 transverse processes of the third, fourth, and fifth cervicals, and 

 projects downward and outward as a distinct broad plate from 

 that of the sixth vertebra. The long and simple transverse pro- 

 cess of the seventh is not perforated by the vertebral artery. 

 Metapophysial tubercles are developed upon the diapophyses of 

 the second and succeedino; dorsal vertebra3, increasinor in distinct- 

 ness and size to the tenth ; in the eleventh the anapophyses 

 become separate processes, and the metapophyses develope a facet 

 for the accessory articular surface of the posterior zygapophysis 

 of the tenth vertebra. This additional interlocking is continued 

 to the antepenultimate lumbar, the joint being further strength- 

 ened by the underlapping of the long anapophyses : these dis- 

 appear in the last lumbar. The diapophysis is a rudimental 

 ridge in the last dorsal, but becomes a distinct depressed sharp 

 plate in the first lumbar, and progressively increases in size with 

 an antroverted direction in the succeeding lumbar vertebn^. 

 Eight pairs of ribs articulate directly with the sternum, which 

 consists of eio'ht bones and an ensiform cartilao;e. 



The Doucs (^Colobus, Nasalis, Semnopithecus) have commonly 

 D 12, L 7 : but sometimes D 13, L 6 (aS'. melalophis). In Scinno- 

 jntJiecus Entellus, the cervical transverse processes incline down- 

 ward : their pleurapophysial divisions from tlie second to tlie sixth 

 increase ; but this part is wanting in the seventh, and the trans- 

 verse process is imperforate. The accessory tubercle is well 

 developed on the diapophysis of the ninth and tenth dorsals ; the 

 diapophysial part disappears on the eleventh and twelfth dorsals, 

 in which the accessory tubercle becomes divided into well-marked 

 met- and an-apophyses. The diapophysis reappears on the first 

 lumbar, and progressively increases to the antepenultimate one. 

 The metapophysis exists as an elongated tubercle outside the 

 prozygapophysis from the eleventh dorsal to the last lumbar, 

 and the anapophysis is present from the tenth dorsal to tlie sixth 

 lumbar. The haemal arch is present in a few of the anterior 



