558 



ANATOMY OF VERTEBRATES. 



arterial foramina are relatively larger and the posterior zygapo- 

 physes are relatively much larger than in the Chimpanzee and 

 Gorilla. 



These differences chiefly relate to the more secure articulation 

 and support of the vertically sustained head in the Human species, 

 and to the larger size of the cerebral organ in part nourished 

 by the vertebral arteries. The develoj^ment of the zygapo- 

 physes gives a greater antero-posterior extent to those parts of 

 the atlas, and the transverse processes are thicker in proportion 

 to their length. 



The foregoing observations on individual vertebra} are drawn 

 from an examination of the vertebras of a male Australian. 



B, Skull. Taking the lowest form of Human skull that has 

 come under my observation, figs. 368-370, the difference is 

 great and abrupt from that of the highest Ape, in the superior 

 capacity of the cranium and small size of the face. On a com- 

 parison of a front \dew, fig. 368, with fig. 358, the cranial dome 



368 



369 



370 



Side. 

 Cranium of a native Australian. XLiv.i 



forms the background for all the parts of the skull above the 

 zygomata. The frame of the orbits is not produced clear of the 

 dome, so as to project beyond it. The malars and contiguous 

 parts of the maxillaries have, relatively, much less depth. The 

 nasals are arched transversely. The bony nostril is larger and 

 higher in position, rising to between the orbits. The alveolar 

 border is arched transversely, and the curve is not interrupted by 

 excessive expansion of the socket of any single tooth. On com- 

 paring the side views, fig. 369, with fig. 357, the larger cranium 

 of the savage is still more conspicuous ; the expansion is not only 

 upward and lateral, but backward and downward, bringing the 



' Vol, II. p. 823, no. 530-J. 



