568 ANATOMY OF VERTEBRATES. 



as in other American races : the brain was as large, but was dif- 

 ferently placed. The transverse line equally bisecting the lower 

 surface of the skull here crosses the middle, instead of the fore- 

 part, of the foramen magnum. 



In the Indians of the Columbia River, called ' Flat-heads,' the 

 cranium is deformed by the application of flattened boards to the 

 frontal and superoccipital regions, occasioning a singularly de- 

 pressed, broad or side-bulging, subelongate figure. But they re- 

 semble most other Indians in the large and almost flattened nasals 

 being continued forward in a line with the glabella. The upper 

 jaw is produced, and the chin moderately prominent. 



The skull of the Patagonian agrees in general shape with that 

 of the modern Peruvian, the occiput presenting the same height, 

 breadth, and slight unsymmetrical flattening, but it is distinguished 

 by its superior size, obviously belonging to a larger race of men. 

 The frontal sinuses are well developed. The nasal bones are nar- 

 row, but prominent. The malars are large and prominent. The 

 upper jaw is moderately produced. In a Fuegian I found the 

 cranium subelongate, moderately expanded at the parietal bosses, 

 with a narrow and protuberant superoccipital ; the forehead nar- 

 row and low. The glabella was i)r6minent, and the nasals pro- 

 duced. The malars were moderately prominent ; the jaws pro- 

 gnathic ; the chin well developed. The base of the skull presented 

 paroccipital protuberances, large styliform processes of the sphe- 

 noid, and small but distinct eustachian processes of the jjetrosal. 

 Traces of the maxillo-premaxillary suture remained on the palate. 

 The molar teeth were of moderate size, worn on the inner border 

 in the upper jaw and on the outer border in the lower jaw. 



In the Indians of the Pampas the head is generally rounded, 

 nearly ellipsoid, contracted in length and but little compressed 

 laterally, with a forehead moderately prominent and not falling 

 back. In the Chiquitos the same character is exaggerated and 

 the head is nearly circular, while in the Moxos it is more oblong : 

 this last form is very nearly that of the Guarani, or Paraguay 

 Indians. The heads of the Caribs, as well of the Antilles as 

 of Terra Firma, are naturally rounded. The skulls of the 

 individuals of the continental Caribs are ovate, viewed from 

 above : the occiput is not flattened as in the Peruvian and 

 Californian Indians, but is moderately prominent, rounded and 

 rather narrow. The forehead is narrow and slopes Avith a gentle 

 curve directly from the interorbital space, which is more pro- 

 minent than the supraciliary ridges and has no median vertical 

 impression. The alisphenoid presents a margin of half an inch in 



