756 MAN 



the caves. These he C()\etecl for liimsclf and there in lime established his 

 own d\venin<i places. This slow and hazardous unclertakin<^ undoubtedly 

 reciuired a hard\ eourai^e and an unfaltering persistency. 



But e\'en a hard-louuht contest ol this knid could not lail to have a 

 signilicant psychological inlhience in the linal outcome. Once he had gained 

 the right of ownership, this preliminary struggle all the more emphasized his 

 sense of possession. It doubtless did much also to stimulate those acquisitive 

 elements in his make-up which laid tln' foundation of the incentives and 

 desires for conquest. Since Mousterian times, throughout his prehistory and 

 historx , man has spent much oi his etiort and energy m evi^loitmg, m codi- 

 fying, in legislating statutes to justify and regulate this last new develop- 

 ment ol his possessive instinct. Out of such rights and laws of possession 

 have grow II the inllucnces contnilling all ol his ecDiiomic and political organi- 

 zation. Much ol his moral code has l)ccn built up around tliesr rights. Just as 

 they have alforded the justification for the organi/ation of states and empires, 

 so the right to have and to hold Ix'came the go\crning principle in the life of 

 the indi\idual. The\- have been the incenti\c' underlying competition and 

 success, the motive of pillage and plunder, the inducement lor the aggressions 

 of peace and war. In a word, while this expanded sense of j^ossession has 

 become the essential element in all the acliie\ cmeiits of mankind, it is no less 

 the instigator of much of the woe and maiad|ustment m the race. 



The Communal Life of Mouslcrian Ncandcrlbal Man. The Neanderthal 

 of Mousterian times ap|)ears to ha\e li\ed in communities. Such communal 

 life had its eflects uj^on social organization, upon the ck'\elopment oi lan- 

 guage, upon the expansKui ol imagination leading to the establishment of 

 tradition as well as to tribal i'i\alr\ and mdnidual competition. I he self- 

 assertiveness which must haxc resulted lidin the realization on liic part of 

 man that he iiad linall\ gained the uppt'r hand in man\ details over the 

 natural world caused him to change.' his altitude from that ol a lugitne to 



