Russia north of the Caucasus. 279 



Crimea. Perhaps it is an accidental visitor to the Govern- 

 ment of Voronesh ; occasionally it is found in Bessarabia 

 and throughout Western Russia south of the Baltic (Poland, 

 Courland, Livonia). 



Gyps fulvus. 



The breeding-range of the Griffon Vulture in Russia may 

 be said to extend over the Government of Podolsk, Bessarabia, 

 the Crimea, and the Kaslinsky Ural. The bird is very 

 common and sedentary in the Crimea, but less common and 

 partially migratory in the rest of its range. Occasionally 

 it is found in the south-west and south of Russia. Mr. 

 Taczanovsky records the Griffon Vulture as very rare, being 

 even more rare than the Black Vulture in Poland. Twice it 

 has been observed in the Government of Kiev, in the district 

 of Uman. In the Governments of Ekaterinoslav, Kharkov, 

 and Voronesh the bird is a more regular visitor ; but it has 

 only once been found near Sarepta. East of the Volga the 

 Griffon Vultm-e is more common in the Obschy-Syrt. In 

 the Ural Mountains it strays as far north as Pavda. 



Pallas did not find the Griffon and Black Vultures in the 

 Ural Mountains, nor according to Eversmann were they 

 found either in the Ural Mountains or their branches 

 during the ten years from 1820 to 1830. Since the latter 

 year these Vultures have been found in the above-mentioned 

 countries, having become more and more common of late 

 years, and since 1850 both species have been generally 

 distributed in the southern Ural Mountains. Mr. Pleske 

 informs me that Vultur monachus was not uncommon there 

 during the years from 1869 to 1873. Gyps fulvus was ob- 

 served by this gentleman several times during those years at 

 Orenburg and about the river Danghuz. Mr. Sabaneev^s 

 observations on the breeding of the Griffon Vulture in the 

 Kaslinsky Ural were made also after the year 1865. 



Hypotriorchis subbuteo. 



The Hobby is a well-known breeding bird in all the wooded 

 districts of Russia south of lat. 65°, but in Finland its northern 

 breeding-limit is about lat. 64°. 



