294 M. Menzbier on the Birds of European 



tliere to the Dvina it breeds everywhere, but it is only an 

 aecidcntal visitor to the neiglibourhood of Archangel, In 

 the country about the Dvina its breeding-limit is north- 

 eastern instead of northern ; in that country it goes from 

 Archangel to Ustug, from N.N.W. to S.S.E., and only 

 from Ustug to the Upper Kama it is again northern. In the 

 last-mentioned country the breeding-limit of the Kestrel 

 follows nearly lat. 61°-60°. In Russia this bird is well 

 known, except in the Kola peninsula and in the country near 

 the Mezen river and the Pechora ; but we believe that the 

 obstacle to its breeding in these localities is the severity of 

 the climate and the not sufficiently wooded character of the 

 country. In all the central portions of Russia, as well as 

 in the southern Governments, the Kestrel is very common. 

 Near Astrakhan, in Bessarabia, and in some parts of the 

 southern steppes it remains through the winter. 



Pandion haliaetus. 



The Osprey breeds throughout the whole of Russia from 

 the Arctic Ocean to the Black Sea, the Caucasus, and the 

 Caspian Sea ; but it does not like close proximity to man, 

 and for that reason is rare in the thickly populated districts. 

 Another peculiarity of its distribution is that it must always 

 be near water ; and from these two causes it naturally follows 

 that this bird is common only in a few parts of Russia ; in 

 general our country is poor in suitable localities for the 

 Osprey. 



It is common about the lakes of Finland, in the wooded 

 country between the Gulf of Finland and the Upper Dnieper, 

 on the lakes of the south-eastern slope of the Ural Moun- 

 tains, and in a few other localities. It is rare in the central 

 and southern portions of Russia, 



It does not breed in the Crimea, but visits that country 

 on migration. 



CiRCAETUS GALLICUS and CiRCAETUS ORIENTALIS. 



The Common and Steppe Short-toed Eagles are distinct 

 from each other in their different ages, and in their geogra- 



