Russia north of the Caucasus. 309 



Russia along the coasts of the Caspian Sea, but its western 

 limit is somewhat difficult to trace. 



According to Mr. Severtzov, Pallas's Sea-Eagle is to be 

 met with in the steppes of the Caspian Sea as far north as 

 Uralsk and Busuluk (the Samara river). It is very common 

 near the Lower Ural river, especially between the Kalmikova 

 and the sea ; but, on the authority of Mr. Severtzov, in the 

 Caspian steppes there is no place where it regularly breeds. 

 According to Mr. Henke, Pallas^s Sea-Eagle is occasionally 

 found on the steppes of the Lower Volga, where it breeds 

 on the ground. This bird was once seen by Bogdanov at the 

 end of September in the delta of the Terek. According to 

 Col. Irby it is common in the interior of the Crimea, but is not 

 seen among the rocks by the coast. This bird bred, on the 

 authority of Col. L'by, in two instances, on trees close to the 

 Kacha river ; but I have never seen any example of Pallas^s 

 Sea-Eagle in collections of birds from that country, and 

 never observed it during my two journeys in the Crimea. Mr. 

 Kalenichenko states that it is a rare bird in the Government 

 of Kherson, near the Bug, and along the coasts of the Black 

 Sea. Mr. Nordmann supposes that he has had a young bird of 

 this species from the Bug; and a probable instance of its having 

 nested still further westward, in the Pravidy valley, Bulgaria, 

 has been recorded by Mr. Farman. But Messrs. Elwes and 

 Buckley did not observe Pallas^s Sea-Eagle in Turkey, though 

 they searched all the localities Mr, Farman mentions ; and 

 Mr, Alleon did not obtain it, either near Constantinople or 

 in the Dobrudscha, 



MiLVUS REGALIS. 



Like the Common Buzzard, the Red Kite is a bird ex- 

 clusively confined to the western Paleearctic Region. It is 

 rare in Russia, where it is found only in the w^estern and 

 south-western parts of the country. 



It breeds in Livonia and Western Courland, but it only 

 occasionally occurs in Esthonia. Mr. Taczanovsky records 

 the Red Kite as being common and migratory in Poland, 

 and this bird probably breeds in the district of Belsk (in the 



