120 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. 



strata and mixed faunas and floras. It would seem in one instance, 

 however, that these crustal movements may be used in eastern Kan- 

 sas to separate the rock stages of two epochs, those of the Lower and 

 Upper Coal Measures. 



Using the thicknesses of the formations given in the University 

 Geological Survey reports and in Adams's recent bulletin on the Up- 

 per Carboniferous rocks of Kansas, we shall find that most of the 

 shales below the lola limestone thicken as we proceed southward, 

 and that the shales above the lola limestone thicken as we go north- 

 ward. 



I quote the following statements from the authorities just men- 

 tioned : 



"Cherokee shales — thickness of the equivalent is twenty times greater in the 

 Indian Territory." 



(The thickness of the Cherokee shales substage in Kansas is 450 feet; in In- 

 dian Territory the thickness of the equivalent deposits, those between the Mis- 

 sissipian limestone below and the Fort Scott limestone above, is 9000 feet.) 



" Labette shales thicken southward." 



"Parsons limestone thickens southward, where it includes a shale-bed." 



"Galesburg shales thicken southward." 



"Cherryvale shales thicken southward." 



" Chanute shales thicken southward, where the substage includes more and 

 more sandstone." 



The limestones lying between these shales thin out as they are 

 traced into the Indian Territory and these substages contain more 

 shale and even sandstone. These peculiarities of deposition might 

 be caused by a shore-line on the borders of the Ozark and Wichita 

 mountains being the source of the clay and sand, and by deep, muddy 

 seas occupying northern Indian Territory and making incursions 

 northward into Kansas. The limestones may have been deposited in 

 the clearer seas beyond, and in the clear water at intervals between 

 the incursions. 



With the deposition of the lola limestone the conditions were 

 markedly changed. After that time the shales were thicker in north- 

 ern Kansas and sandstones more largely predominated in the south- 

 ern part of the state. I quote again from the authorities previously 

 mentioned : 



"Lane shales thicken northward." 

 "Garnett limestone thickens north and west." 



"Lawrence shales thicken northward and are replaced by the Chautauqua 

 sandstone in the southern part of the state." 



"Kanwaka shales become more arenaceous in southern Kansas." 

 "Tecumseh shales become more arenaceous southward." 

 " Calhoun shales thin southward." 

 "Burlingame shales thicken northward." 



The warping of the crust of the earth, attended by the rise of the 



