GEOLOGICAL PAPERS. 121 



seabottom at the south and the sinking of the seabottom at the north, 

 which must have occurred at about the time of the deposition of the 

 lola limestone makes this hemera a natural break in the Coal Meas- 

 ure period, and gives abundant warrant for dividing the Coal Measures 

 into the Lower and Upper epochs at the lola limestone. 



In Lyon county, the Americus limestone is not much lighter colored 

 than the limestones below it, and is far. darker than the Cottonwood 

 limestone above. Hence the clearing of the seas of ferruginous ma- 

 terial would, in Lyon county at least, make the time of deposition of 

 the Cottonwood limestone a better hemera for separating the Coal 

 Measure period from the Permian period than the Americus lime- 

 stone hemera, should we make the clearing of the seas of iron the 

 natural feature for making such division, as Adams suggests. The 

 most marked changes in the fauna occur, too, at about the horizon 

 of the Cottonwood limestone, and hence this hemera may well be 

 used to mark the upper limit of the Coal Measure period. 



The foldings of the crust of the earth which attended the Appa- 

 lachian revolution, some crustal movements of about the same time in 

 Indian Territory, Oklahoma, and Kansas, and possibly also some 

 crustal movements which attended the development of the Glacial 

 period, have thrown the strata of eastern Kansas into folds trending 

 in Lyon county to the northeast and southwest. A careful mapping 

 of these anticlines and synclines is work that should be done in the 

 near future, for until this work is completed much difficulty must 

 attend the proper correlation of the strata. 



Near Neosho Rapids, in Lyon county, these movements of the 

 crust of the earth have been accompanied by fissurings, faultings and 

 wave-action. Fissuring attended with vertical cleavage planes may 

 be seen in the sandstone beneath the Eureka limestone near Neosho 

 Rapids and in a sandstone beneath the Emporia limestones at Em- 

 poria. The faulting is shown by a heavy displacement of strata 

 about two miles northwest of Neosho Rapids, along the Neosho river. 

 The wave-action is best seen in a railroad cut about one mile west of 

 Neosho Rapids. At this point is a section forty feet in thickness of 

 a rock composed of limestone fragments, but with the cross-bedding 

 and peculiar weathering of sandstone. This sandstone-limestone 

 thins out rapidly, and two miles to the northward is only a few inches 

 thick. To the southwestward it holds its thickness better, so far as 

 traced. Fossils are not common in this rock. The few that were 

 collected were entire. The source of the material of this sandstone- 

 limestone can only be conjectured. Possibly it was derived from a 

 concretionary limestone which belongs at the same horizon and may 

 be seen beneath its northern margin. 



