BIOLOGICAL PAPERS. 163- 



and forward. It should be pushed up and back and put in a natural (standing) 

 position as nearly as possible before the measurement is taken. 



6. Length from elbow to end of longest toe, 16 inches. Should be measured^ 

 in a straight line, when the leg is straight. 



WIDTHS AND DIAMETERS. 



7. Width of hind quarter, 7.25 inches. This measurement was made from a 

 point two inches above the flank skin straight back to the back part of the hind 

 quarter. 



8. Width of hind leg at knee, inches. Measured from the front to the 



back part of the leg at the knee-joint. 



9. Width of shoulder, • inches. Measured from front part to back part 



of shoulder at a point half-way up from the elbow to the head of the humerus. 

 This measurement can only be taken approximately. 



10. Width of neck (transverse diameter), 4.75 inches. This measurement is 

 made at the middle of the neck with calipers. 



11. Width (transverse diameter) of the shoulders, 9.50 inches. From head of 

 humerus on right side to head of humerus on left side. 



12. Width (transverse diameter) of hind quarters, 9.50 inches. This meas- 

 urement is taken by placing the calipers so that the points will rest over the- 

 heads of the two femur bones. 



1.3. Width (transverse diameter) of abdomen, 6 inches. This measurement 

 was taken while the animal was lying flat on the floor. It might be a little 

 greater in life. 



14. Depth of chest, 10.25 inches (the distance from top of back to bottom of 

 cheat). This measurement is taken just behind the shoulder-blades. It can be 

 made with a straight stick or rule, but large calipers are better. 



15. Depth of body, 11.75 inches. This is the distance from the top of th&^ 

 back to the bottom of the dupert part of the abdomen. 



CIRCUMFERENCES. 



These measurements are usually made with a good stout cord that does not 

 stretch, or with a stout rope. An ordinary cloth tape is easily spoiled by the 

 blood of the animals measured. Cheap cloth tape lines are usually of very un- 

 certain length. The cord or tape should go straight around the animal, or part 

 to be measured, and should be pulled tight, but not tight enough to make a 

 crease or depression in the flesh of the animal. I usually refer to these measure- 

 ments, when speaking to my students, as light-line measurements. 



16. Circumference of head half-way between ear and eye, 18 inches. 



17. Circumference of neck half-way between ear and shoulder, 16 inches. 



18. Circumference of body just behind fore leg, 27 inches. 



19. Circumference of body around longest part of abdomen, 30 inches. 



20. Circumference of hind leg at patella or knee-joint, 13.50 inches. 



21. Circumference of tail at base, 7 inches. 



22. Circumference of tail taken at middle, 4.50 inches. 



SPECIAL MEASUREMENTS. 



23. Anterior corner of eye, measured from the bone to end of nose, 3 inches. 



24. Anterior corner of eye to the center of hole in ear, 4.50 inches. 



In making the above measurements three pairs of calipers, large, 

 small, and those of medium size, were used. No account was taken of 

 the hair in any measurements. The measurements should represent 

 the animal without any hair on it. 



