CONTENTS. 



Vll 



Pendulous leaf-nests, from Bonnet 289 

 NestofProcessionary Caterpillars 290 



CHAPTER XVIII. 



Structures of Spiders .... 292 



Spiders not properly insects, and 

 why 292 



Apparatus for spinning . . . 292 



Extraordinary number of spiune- 

 rules 293 



Attachment of the end of a thread 295 

 Shooting of the Lines of Spiders . 296 



1. Opinions of Redi, Swammer- 

 dam, and Kirby .... 296 



2. Lister, Kirby, 



and White 297 



3. La Pluche and 



Bingley 299 



4. '- D'Isjonval, Mur- 

 ray, and Bowman .... 300 



5, Experiments of Mr, Blackvvall 302 

 His account of the ascent of 



gossamer 303 



6. Experiments by J, R. . . 304 

 Thread supposed to go off double 305 

 Subsequent experiments . . . 306 



Nests, Webs, and Nets of Spiders. 308 

 Elastic satin nest of a Spider . 309 

 Evelyn's account of Hunting 



Spiders 309 



Labyrinthic Spider's nest . .311 

 Erroneous account of the House 



Spider 311 



Geometric Spiders .... 312 



Mason-Spiders 313 



Ingenious door with a hinge. . 314 

 Nest from the West Indies, with 



spring hinge 314 



Raft-Buildmg Spider . . . .316 



Diving Water-Spider . . . .318 



Observations of M. Clerck . .318 



Cleanliness of Spiders, , . .319 



Structure of their claws . . . 320 



Fanciful account of them patting 



their webs 321 



Proceedings of a Spider in a 

 steamboat 321 



CHAPTER XIX. 



Structures of Gall- Flies . 



. 323 



Page 

 Berry Gall of the oak-leaf, &c. . 323 

 Ingenious mechanism of the ovi- 

 positor 324 



Opinions of Naturalists as to the 



cause of galls . . .' . .326 



Bedeguar of the rose. . . . 328 



Artichoke gall of the oak . . 329 



Leaf-gall of Dyer's broom . . 331 



Rose-willow ...•*. 331 



Rose-hawthorn 332 



Woolly gall of the oak ■ . . .332 



Experiments with the Flies . . 333 



Oak-apples 335 



Root-galls of the oak . . . 336 



Woody gall of the willow . . 336 



Oak currant-galls . . . . 337 



Weevil-Galls 338 



Weevil-gall of the hawthorn . 338 

 Anbury on the roots of cabbages, 



&c 339 



Semi-Galls of Aphides . . ,340 



Mountain-ash leaf-galls . . . 340 

 Poplar semi-galls oi' the cottony 



aphis 341 



Leaf-rolling Aphides .... 343 

 Leaf of the currant-bush thus 



altered 343 



Shoot of the lime-tree thus con- 

 voluted 344 



Pseudo-Galls 345 



Pseudo-gall of the bramble . . 346 



• hawthorn. , 346 



Scotch fir. . 347 



CHAPTER XX. 



Animal-Galls .349 



Enthusiasm of M. Reaumur for 



study 349 



Ovipositor of Breeze-flies . . 350 

 Opinion of Mr. Bracey Clark on 



its use 351 



Effects produced by the fly upon 



cattle 352 



Observations of Linnaeus on the 



Reindeer Breeze-fly . . . 353 

 Opinions of Kirby and Spence . 354 

 Observations of Mr. B. Clark . 355 

 Hatching of the egg .... 357 

 Bumps, or wurbles, thence pro- 

 duced 357 



Communication of the grub with 



the air. ...... 359 



