368 



RAVAGES OF INSECTS. 



sumed, in one clay, sixteen ponnds of raw meat and tallow 

 candles, besides five bottles of porter.* 



Intestinal canals of the Caterpillar, Pupa, and Buttertly. 



A. Caterpillar, a, the oesophagus, b, the stomach, c d, the two large intestines. 



B. Pupa two (lays old. a, the oesophagus, i, the stomach, c d, the two large intestines. 



C. Pupa eight days old. a, dilation of the oesophagus, forming the crop or ho^ieij-stomach. 



D. Pupa immediately before its transformation, a, the honey-stomach become a lateral 

 appendage of the oesophagus, b, the stomach, c d, the large intestines. 



E. Butterfly, a, honey-stomach, b, the digesting stomach, c d, the large intestines, 

 become very long. 



The mandibles of caterpillars, which do not act perpen- 

 dicularly like the jaws of quadrupeds, but horizontally, are 

 for the most part very sharp and strong, being of a hard, 

 horny substance, and moved by powerful muscles. They 

 are, for the most part, slightly bent in the form of a reap- 

 ing-hook ; having the concavit}'- indented with tooth-shaped 

 projections, formed out of the substance of the jaw, and not 

 socketed as the teeth of quadnipeds. These are made to 

 meet like the blades of a pair of pincers ; and in some cases 

 they both chop and grind the food.f Besides these there 

 is a pair of jaws (maxillce) placed on each side of the middle 

 portion of the under lip ; and from their being of a softer 

 substance they seem to be more for the purpose of retaining 

 the food than for mastication. This formidable apparatus 

 for masticating (Trophi) is well adapted to supply the large 

 demands of the capacious stomachs of larvae ; and when we 

 consider that all of them are employed in eating at least for 



* Med. and Pliys. Journal, iii. 209. 

 t Ciivier, Anat. Com., iii. 322. 



