442 SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENTS OF INSECTS. 



b. Wings naked and membranaceous — May-flies and caddis- 



flies. 



c. Wings equal, membranaceous, and netted ; the mouth with 



teeth — dragon-flies and lace-winged flies. 



d. Wings unequal ; ner\Tires placed lengthwise ; mouth with 



teeth ; and the females having a sting or ovipositor — 

 ' bees, wasps, ants, ichneumons, saw-flies, &c. 



e. Wings membranaceous ; the tongue bent under the throat — 



tree-hoppers, &c. 



2. Wings tioo, covered by two wing-cases :— 



a. Wing-cases partly coriaceous and partly membranaceous, 



overlaj^ping each other ; tongue bent under the throat — 

 bugs, &c. 



b. Wing-cases coriaceous, or somewhat cmstaceous and wing- 



like, overlapping ; mouth with teeth — locusts, crickets, 

 and grasslioppers. 



c. Wing-cases hard and crustaceous, not overlapping, covering 



the under wings ; mouth with teeth — beetles. 



3. Wings two, loitliout icing-cases : — 



' a. Two membranaceous wings, and two poisers behind these ; 

 mouth with a tongue, but no teeth — flies, gnats, &c. 

 6, Two membranaceous wings in the male, but no poisers 

 tongue, nor teeth ; no wings in the female, but a tongue 

 in the breast — vine-louse, &c. 

 II. Wingless Insects. 



1. Undergoing transformation : — 



With six legs, and the mouth having a tongue — fleas. 



2. Undergoing no transformations : — 



a. With six legs, the head distinct from the trunk — white 



ants, &c. 



b. With eight or ten legs, and the head not distinct from the 



Irunk — spiders, crabs, &c. 



c. With fourteen or more legs, and the head distinct from the 



trunk— centipedes, wood-lice, &c. 



The Locality System. 

 The next system, in order of time, reckoning from the 

 period of Aristotle, is taken, not from the structure of 

 insects, but the places they frequent. We owe the first 

 sketch of an arrangement on this principle to the great 

 naturalist of Italy, Ulysses Aldrovand, whom it has been 

 the recent fashion to decry as a collector of fables; but 

 whose voluminous works, written in Latin, and never, we 

 believe, translated, must always be consulted with admira- 



