37 



those who " grow under glass," should be on their guard against 

 this prolific species, for, should it establish itself in their houses, it 

 might easily become a very serious pest. Its larva is polyphagous. 



Several species of the genus Rhi/aciotna {Retinia) also are trouble- 

 some to the forester. We all know that the value in a pine tree is 

 that it has a long, straight stem, so that it can be used for scaftbld- 

 poles, ladders, and such like purposes. This, however, seems to be 

 just what these insects try, too often successfully, to prevent. R. 

 huoUnna, Schiff., a brilliant little red and yellow moth, flits about 

 the pine trees on .July evenings and deposits eggs on (probably) the 

 buds, chiefly of the Scots' pine {Finns s>/lrestris) and some other 

 species. It is believed that the eggs soon hatch and that the young 

 larvae enter a bud and there pass the winter. Be that as it may, 

 we know that in spring the larvae enter a growing shoot, along 

 which they burrow, eating out the soft part. Their presence may 

 be detected by a resinous exudation, and later by the drooping of the 

 shoot, which eventually dies. R. pinicalana, Doubleday, is a very 

 similar species with almost identical habits, and R. tnrionana, Hb., a 

 mottled brown species, has a similar economy. Now it will be ap- 

 parent that if one of these larvae attacks a leading shoot, that is, the 

 shoot at the top of the main stem, and the two last named species 

 almost invariably do attack the leading shoot, and bnnUana not 

 infrequently does so, the growth of the tree will be diverted, either 

 it will make two or three growths at angles to the main stem, or at 

 least it will get a crook in it; in either case the tree becomes useless 

 for its most valuable purposes. 



The remaining members of the genus mostly feed in a somewhat 

 similar manner ; R. resinella, L., forms large resinous nodules for 

 its habitation, but as they most frequently attack the lateral shoots, 

 instead of the leading ones, their depredations are less harmful. 



The genus C'l/dia [—Carpocapsa] contains one of our most trouble- 

 some orchard pests, C. pomonella, L., commonly known as the 

 Codlin Moth, a pretty little grey and bronzy-brown species that 

 flies around our apple trees on June evenings, just at the time when 

 the young fruit has formed. It lays a single &og on a fruit, seldom 

 more than one, and as a moth usually produces considerably over a 

 hundred eggs, it will be seen what a number of fruits one moth may 

 infect. The young larva on leaving the egg seeks the eye of the 

 fruit, where it feeds for a few days and then burrows inwards, 

 eventually reaching the core, in the neighbourhood of which it feeds 

 up, and when full-fed tunnels to the side of the fruit and mak3s its 

 exit. This may happen either while the apple hangs on the tree or 

 after it has fallen ; in either case, the larva on leaving the fruit 

 crawls about until it finds some suitable place for making its cocoon, 

 Buch as under loose bark on the stem of the tree, or any fairly well 

 protected place where it may hide, and there it remains in its silken 

 cocoon as a larva during the winter, not turning to a pupa until the 

 following spring. 



