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From this brief sketch of its life-history, it will be seen that 

 although really a serious orchard pest it is not an easy species to 

 control. Spraying with some insecticide may be effective if carried 

 out at the right moment, but as the only vulnerable time for such 

 treatment is during the few days while the young larvae are feeding 

 in the eye of the fruit before boring into it, the chances of success 

 are not great. Dressing the trunks of the trees with lime-sulphur 

 may destroy some of the larvae during winter, and it is well to col- 

 lect all affected fruit and to destroy it, especially when it can be 

 secured before it falls from the tree. But probably the greatest 

 check upon the species is the attention that it receives from the 

 tits. These little birds are very fond of the larvae, and during the 

 winter dig out large numbers from their hiding places and devour 

 them. 



The species was no doubt originally attached to the wild crab, 

 and indeed I have seen a crab tree with far more affected fruits on 

 it than sound ones, but it has taken very kindly to our garden 

 varieties. It also attacks pears; I have bred it from walnuts, and it 

 is said sometimes to infest plums, but of this I am very doubtful, it 

 probably having been confused with another species to which I will 

 refer later. 



The other species of the genus prefer a harder pabulum; thus C. 

 splendona, lib., and (J. Juliana, Curt., naturally feed on acorns, C. 

 grossana, Haw., and C. nimbaua, H-S., on beech mast, but all of 

 them are liable to attack walnuts and edible chestnuts, and may at 

 times do a certain amount of damage to those crops. 



Yet one other species of Tortrix is troublesome to our fruit growers. 

 Epiitotia fnnehrana, Tr., is naturally a sloe-feeder but is equally well 

 at home with our garden and orchard plums and damsons, and it 

 sometimes even attacks apricots. It is a moat elusive species which 

 although really all too common as a larva, is seldom seen in the 

 perfect state; indeed, as one of our older Avriters, in describing its 

 distribution, very tersely put it, " Scarce m the perfect state. The 

 larva very frequent in plum pies," and I have no doubt that many 

 of you have found the latter part of this statement to be quite true. 

 As a consequence its life-history is only imperfectly known but it 

 appears to be similar to that of Cydia ])o)iionella. The moth is on 

 the wing in June, and lays its eggs, probably, on the twigs of the 

 plum trees or possibly on the fruit stalks. The young larvae enter 

 the fruit and feed on the flesh around the stone, and when full-fed 

 come out and spin their cocoons, probably under loose bark ; in 

 confinement they will bore into soft cork. It is generally thought 

 that they remain as larvae until the spring and then turn to pupae, 

 and judging by the behaviour of allied species, whose economy is 

 well known, it is probable that this is the case. If this be so we 

 have certainly another species also attacking our stone fruit. The 

 larva of K. fnnehrana is described as " stout, sluggish, reddish in 



