19 



head of the first stage could not well be mistaken for the smallest 

 head in the next stage, and so on. 



1st Stage. — Head black, width 0-28mm. Collar of prothorax grey. Pro- 

 thoracic shield brown, body pale greyish-ochreous, with a dark internal band 

 visible dorsally and ventraliy. The newly-hatched larva is rather short and 

 broad, without the dark band and thickly covered with strong spicules. After 

 feeding a day or two it becomes more slender, paler in colour, and the spicules, 

 though of course, present, are less noticeable as the skin is not now so con- 

 tracted as it is before the larva has fed. Length ISmm. 



2nd Stage. — Head black, width 0-42mm. The larva in this stage is like the 

 feeding larva of the 1st stage except that it is of course larger and the prothor- 

 acic shield is blafk. The tubeicular spots are still inconspicuous. 



3rd Sta^'e. — Head black, width 0-65mm. In colour and form the larva is 

 much like those of the two preceding stages, but the tubercles are now distinctly 

 visible and the larva decidedly shows greater activity. 



4th Stage. — Head black, width 0-96. Shield black, collar of prothorax grey. 

 Thoracic segments and a broad band along the body dark smoky grey with a 

 green tinge, lower parts of the body with an ochreous tint, and paler in colour. 

 Tubercles black, very conspicuous. Length 7mm. 



5th Stage. — Width of head ITmm. When newly changed the larva is dark 

 grey and much like that of the 4th instar, but the shield is divided longitudin- 

 ally down the centre by a pale line. In all the previous stages the shield is 

 undivided. As the larva grows it becomes pale green, the dorsum being a grey 

 green, while the lateral portions are more of a yellowish or lighter green. The 

 black tubercular spots are large and conspicuous, especially on the back of the 

 larva and the dark line of the pulsating vessel is now clearly visible. The 

 colour of the head of the male larva is usually, if not always, black, but in 

 the female the head may be black, brown clouded with black, or simply brown. 

 The prothoracic shield is ochreous divided down the centre by a pale line with 

 usually a dark spot on each side of the line at the posterior border of the 

 shield. The thoracic legs are black marked, while the prolegs and claspers are 

 pale green with brown booklets. The skin of the larva is thickly covered with 

 rather long spicules which may easily be seen under a lens. There is nothing 

 especial about the position of the black tubercular plates. As usual I, II and 

 III are nearly in line on the meso- and meta-thorax, and these have each two 

 hairs or setae. On the abdominal segments II lies behind I, and HI above the 

 spiracle (which is not conspicuous), these only have one seta. IV and V almost 

 on the same plate are situated on the lateral fold which runs along the body of 

 larva. VI is present above the proleg, while VII below it is formed of a group 

 of three small tubercles. VHI is very small and lies on the ventral side of the 

 proleg. On the ninth abdominal segment most of the tubercles have again 

 two setie. while one of them has three. The anal shield is usually only slightly 

 darker than the ground colour. The .skin of the larva is sufficiently transparent 

 to admit of portions of the spiracular tubes to be seen. There is an anal comb 

 with eight teeth. The larva varies somewhat in ground colour, some specimens 

 being of a very pale grey with scarcely a tinge of green, and in these specimens 

 the tubercular plates are brown and less conspicuous. 



The moths bred from the pale larvte were all females. The larva 

 of Tortrix loetii)i(iiana is exceedingly like that of T. viridana, but it 

 is smaller and more ochreous posteriorly. 



The pupa varies in coloration. It is perhaps most often entirely 

 black. Sometimes, while the wing- and other limb-cases remain 

 black, the abdomen may be dark brown. Frequently the pupa is 

 absolutely brown. This variation of colour is not aflected by the 

 sex of the pupa. The cremaster is very short and blunt. To this 

 is attached the cable of silk which prevents the pupa dropping out 

 of the cocoon when the moth emerges. 



