93 



1903. Ml'. Carpenter. — I.e., p. 59. Mr. Joy had a brood of larvje 



from ova laid by a bred $ paired in captivity. 



1904. Mr. Joy. — I.e., p. 84. Insects bred from above pairing and 



two sets from a pairing of them exhibited. 80% hiber- 

 nated as pupae, emerging early in May. 20% hibernated 

 as larvte (half-fed) and emerged in June. 



YII. Variation. 



1. Characteristics. The best summary is Stephens (" 111. Brit. 

 Ent.," vol. i., p. 54). " This insect varies much in the intensity of 

 its colours, particularly on its under surface ; in some specimens 

 the posterior wings are nearly plain griseous, in others they have a 

 distinct broad, very irregular, central band." He refers to fine 

 specimens having on the underside of the hindwings " the hinder 

 margin purplish, with a series of white dots in lieu of the ocelli." 



2. Lines of variation. 



a. Depth of ground colour, upperside. 



b. Intensity of the spots. 



e. Depth of ground and intensity of spots together, 



d. Number of eye-spots on lower wings (8-6). 



e. Development and extent of purple on lower wing underside. 

 /. Shape of forewings (rounding of apex). 



ff. Size and number of markings on the upperside (coalescence 



rare). 

 /(. Development of clouds to blotches (rare on hindwings). 

 i. Duplication of apical spot (rare). 

 Ic. Tendency of spots on hindwing to reduction to dots. 

 I. Most constant spots on forewings are two in 1st transverse row, 



four in 2nd row, in size, shape and distinctness. 



3. Sexual Variation. 



Tutt ("Brit. Butt.," p. 388; 1896) says, "The males are 

 considerably darker, having the pale spots much more restricted 

 than the females, whilst towards the centre of the wing is an 

 oblique shiny patch of androconial scales, easily detected if the 

 butterfly be looked at sideways." 



4. Aberrations. Striking aberrations seem rare. 



a. The apical ocellus duplicated. Said to occur regularly in the 



Channel Islands. The bipupiUata of Mosley. 



b. Figure by Mosley "111. Var. Brit. Lep.," Sati/nm, pi. 1, 



collection Sam Stevens. Dark area much decreased on all 



