200 



viciiiily (if Lake WiiKUin (■(nitMiiiiii.ti' sonic of the plants typical of the 

 tamariic-k stage, such as the pitcher plant (Sarracenia purpurea), and the 

 peat mnss. Spliagiuim. But in the old Winona I^ake bed there are barely 

 three lone tauiarai-ks. standing in the bottom of an old arm of the lake, 

 with notliing to indicate the share they took in the development of the 

 s^vaml^. I-'urther data obtained by a comparison with other si>ecimens of 

 this kind of swamp are necessary before a definite conclusion can be 

 reached concerning- its evolution. 



(Juite an interesting type of swamp is found in a narrow licit of low- 

 land wliicli adjoins the lake and rei>rescnts an old arm of it. lying lilce a 

 ditch between tlie hills there. It <(intaiiis Ludwigia polycarpa. Ludwigia 

 hirtella. ditch stone-croii (Penthorum scdoidesi, manna-grass KJlyceria 

 fluitans). Polygonum acre. Polygonum liydropiper. Polygonum sagittatum 

 and Polygonum Muhlenliergii. The flora of the margin is swamp wh'.te 

 oak. black alder (Ilex vcrticillata i. sour gum (Nyssa sylvaticai. Carolina 

 rose, and the swamp, wliite or silver maiile (Acer dasyearpuml. Riccla 

 tlnitans carpets the wet soil. 



A swamp in the hollow of tiie liills is tilled with Polygonum hydro- 

 piper. Iris, skmik cabbage (SyniiiIo( arpus foetidus), and Rosa Carolina. 

 Around tlie margins are dying willows, elm and ash. Fossils of ferns 

 point back to former days w lien moisture was more abundant. With- 

 ering .Muinm and flourishing Polytricinm. the relict and tlic jiioneer, 

 show p;ist ;ind future. To the south, the hill has been cleared and xt'iophy- 

 tic conditions ;ire being hastened in the margin of the swamp. Dying 

 Iris and vigorous Canada thistle grow side by side. On tlie east, west 

 and south are the morainic hills covered with oak-hickory forests. The 

 fate of this swamp is gradual tilling uji by dead vegetation and down- 

 wash from tlie surrounding uplands and tlie ultimate eiicroachnii'iit of 

 the neighboring plants upon its territory. 



3. The Morainic Ciilands.— The sand-gravel-clay hills are even more 

 numerous about the lake than .-ire the swamp meadows and their vegeta- 

 tion is only slightly varied at different places, this being usually in clear- 

 ings. The oak-hickory stage jirevails. Xe;ir the summit of the hill is 

 the black oak (Quercus coceinea tinctorial, with the white oak (Quercus 

 alba), on the lower slopes. These are accompanied by the hicKories (Carya 

 alba and Carya sulcata), wild oats (Danthonia spicata), wire gras.s (Poa 

 compressai. iilantain-leaved everlasting (Antennaria planlaginifoliai, Poly- 

 trichum. New .lersey tea (Ceanothus AmericanusI and Sileiie ste'lata. At 



