16 KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. 



back appears a third slit on each side of the head, the first rudiment of the organ of 

 hearing." 



Or again: "At a very early stage, and while no trace of the characteristic facial 

 structure of man is yet visible, a pair of small grooves appear before the primitive 

 mouth cavity, the primitive nasal grooves. They are separate from the mouth cav- 

 ity, which also makes it appearance as a groove-like indentation of the external 

 skin, opening in front of the blind anterior extremity of the intestinal canal. This 

 pair of nasal grooves, as well as the single mouth groove, are lined by the external 

 epidermis. The two inner nasal processes or flaps arise right and left of the grooves. 

 and opposite to these rises another groove, between the eye and nasal grooves. A 

 plug-shaped formation projects into the nasal grooves, which is the upper-jaw proc- 

 ess. Below the mouth groove lie the gill arches. The first of these develops into 

 the jaw skeleton of the mouth, and is called the jaw arch. A small process first 

 grows out from the base of the first gill arch; this is the upper- jaw process, which 

 forms the principal part of the framework of the upper jaw. On its outer side the 

 bone afterward unites, and in the middle portion the intermaxillary develops for 

 the anterior portion of the frontal process. . . . The external nose is not devel- 

 oped until long after all the internal parts of the sense organ have been formed. It 

 appears at the end of the second month, and grows out to form the process, but the 

 form characteristic of man does not appear until a far later period. In most forms, 

 the hose retains an undeveloped form. . . . The outer protective parts of the 

 eye are merely simple folds of the skin, which appear in the third month. The inner 

 parts originate from the inner structures of the head. . . . The entrance to the 

 intestinal canal is the mouth opening, which is part of the intestinal system, and re- 

 ceives the food, which it passes on to the digestive organs. The external opening 

 originates in a fold or groove-like incision of the external skin, and its membrane 

 is formed from the skin. . . . The original formation of the mouth skeleton, the 

 upper and lower jaws, is traceable to the gill arches." 



From these remarkable beginnings there has been developed the human face, 

 with all its superadded powers of expression and physical beauty. The first crude 

 and immature form, as seen at birth, with all its future possibilities, is produced by 

 evolution along the same i:)ath which leads to the development of the same parts in 

 other animals, as already noted. The resemblance to lower forms is maintained to 

 the last stage, the last animal resemblance to disappear in the face of the human 

 embryo being that of the apes. 



We have now studied the origin and followed the evolution of the face by various 

 paths. Surely the little evidence we have here gleaned from the great field of nature 

 is of itself convincing that the face of man has arrived at its present perfection not 

 by accident, not by one stroke of creative power, but by the simple, philosophical 

 and natural methods of gradual development and evolution, in accordance with na- 

 ture's laws. 



IS THE RAINFALL IX KANSAS INCREASING? 



BY E. C. MUKPHY, LAWKENCE. 



This important and interesting question is one which has been much discussed. 

 The writer's reason for undertaking its discussion at this time is his belief that his 

 division of the record into periods and his treatment of the means of these periods 

 is different from that of other writers, and answers the question asked in the title as 



