TWENTY-FOURTH ANNUAL MEETING. • 13 



the knowledge that man is, in substance and structure, one with the brutes; for he 

 alone possesses the marvelous endowment of intelligence and articulate speech, 

 whereby, in the secular period of his existence, he has clearly accumulated and or- 

 ganized the experience which is usually lost in other animals." The face indeed has 

 developed from the highest plane of animal life to that highest plane of human life, 

 where we find its perfection, along with the development of that higher intellectual 

 power which dictated its superior formation. The path by which the mutual and 

 simultaneous development of the face and mind was accomplished after the mere 

 brute was left behind is entirely lost; but we know by the wonderful results that 

 there was such a growth, sometime, somewhere. The face and brain were developed 

 collaterally, and the high jierfection of the face in man is due to his high brain de- 

 velopment. It is unfortunate that the paleontological history of man has not been 

 recovered; but when it is found, this, among other important questions, will receive 

 a flood of light. For the present, we must be content with studying the evidences 

 of the evolution of the face in the collateral animal branches and in the embryolog- 

 ical record. 



We turn next to the record of embryology, which is, in many respects, much more 

 clear and continuous in the genetic evolution of the face than the comparative rec- 

 ord. The latter is sadly mutilated and broken, so that only in a very few instances, 

 as in the case of the horse, can the history of the development of a species be made 

 out at all. Contemporaneous species give us an analogical history only, but we can 

 judge from them what the evolutionary history of man must have been like. That 

 far we are positive, however, for the assumption is borne out by the history of the 

 few species in which the record is complete, and we must reason from analogy that 

 those whose record is incomplete must have had a similar history of evolution and 

 development. Man is, unfortunately, one of the species in which the record is most 

 incomplete; but judging from analogy* we necessarily infer that he must have had 

 a similar process of evolution. From this induction there is no escape. 



The Mind of Man. But to his animal organization there is superadded the con- 

 spicuous peculiarity of a high intellectual growth which is absolutely unique, and 

 which sets him apart in a great department of his own. No other animal approaches 

 him in regard to mass of brain or mental power. The history of the development 

 of this remarkable faculty is entirely lost, for we are as yet in total ignorance of the 

 barest hint of the process by which it arose. We are not convinced that it could 

 have been developed from an ordinary animal intelligence, for the mind of man has 

 many qualities which set it apart and distinct from the animal mind. It is these 

 qualities of mind and the victories over nature, and great achievements by reason 

 of these qualities, which distinguish man from the mere animal. It does not seem 

 possible that they could have been developed from the animal mind, so far as we 

 know the latter by its phenomena; but as we know it only by its phenomena and 

 cannot become en rapiyort with it, we cannot judge finally. We may yet be per- 

 mitted to accept the final cause of a supernatural interference in the process of the 

 creation of the human mind as a distinct and peculiar endowment of our species, 

 which cannot be accounted for by the natural processes with which we are ac- 

 quainted. 



Be the source what it may, the human mind is a powerful factor in influencing 

 the evolution of the face, and to this is due the high development of that area of 

 the human body as an expressional organ. The influence of the mind upon the face 

 in the individual is, however, mainly postnatal; for whatever this may be in utero 

 is probably only hereditary, with, perhaps, some occasional effect from transient 

 maternal emotion. W^ithout stopping to dwell upon this, we pass now to the study 

 of the evolution of the face from the embryological aspect, in addition to its ana- 



