Twenty-fourth Annual Meeting. 11 



are reduced, but the face is still that of the mammals. The lower incisors are usu- 

 ally inclined forward, are not vertical, so there is no chin. 



Advancing to the monkeys proper, we find a sudden change. The face becomes 

 at once the seat of expression, and even the little marmosets have considerable fa- 

 cial expression. The face is more or less bare, and the features become mobile, the 

 eyebrows and lips being very active. But the nose is ill-developed, embryonic, in 

 fact, and is especially deformed in the new-world monkeys, in which the nostrils 

 are set wide apart and look outward — not close set and looking downward, as in the 

 old-world monkeys. The upper lip is wide and stiff; the mouth begins to have 

 some expression, but the chin is still absent. T'he.mouth has a characteristic up- 

 ward curve at the center, and dips downward at the corners — a quadrumanous 

 characteristic which reappears in many coarse human mouths, as many quadruma- 

 nous peculiarities do thus reappear in the face of man. Various parts of the faces 

 of monkeys may be covered with whiskers of various colors, especially the lower 

 part of the face and chin. 



The baboons have a long, dog-like face, the nose, mouth and chin resembling the 

 canid;e. In some forms, as the drills and mandrills, the face is peculiarly marked 

 by highly-colored skin. The remarkable cheek pouches, which are used for carrying 

 food, are a characteristic of many of the baboons. 



The Anthropomorpha comprise the man-like apes — the orang-outang, the chim- 

 panzee, and the gorilla, as these, taken together, approach man most nearly in gen- 

 eral structure. One species resembles him in one part and another in a different 

 part. None of them are very close, of course; but it has been often remarked that 

 there is less difference than between the highest apes and the lowest quadrumana, 

 the lemurs. The lowest savage differs from the highest civilized man almost as much 

 as he does from the apes. 



In the orang the forehead is full and rounded, and the face less brutal and fero- 

 cious than in the gorilla. The head is pointed and high, and the shape of the brain 

 more like that of man than that of any of the other apes. The lips are long, full, 

 projecting, and expressive. Their forms are recalled by the negroid and Celtic 

 races of man, and perhaps others. 



The troglodytes include the chimpanzee and gorilla. The latter has strong and 

 high supra-orbital ridges, erected for the attachment of enormous muscles, which 

 give him a ferocious and forbidding appearance. The ridges reduce the apparent 

 height of the brain case also. In the chimpanzee the whole face is more like that of 

 man, this ridges being reduced and the face less brutal than in the gorilla. The head 

 is not so pointed as that of the orang, but higher than that of the gorilla. The flat 

 condition of the external nares gives the chimpanzee's face an immature look. In 

 the young the face is almost human, but the supra-orbital ridges and retreating fore- 

 head grow and increase with age, bringing out the animality. The ears are more 

 like those of man, and the lips are neither so extensile nor so large as in the gorilla 

 and orang. The face in the apes is bare, brown skinned, and much wrinkled. 



Professor Mivart ( in " Man and Apes ") is uncompromisingly opposed to the the- 

 ory of the descent of man from an ape-like ancestor. He delights especially in debas- 

 ing the much-vaunted gorilla as the near relative of man, and seeks out resemblances 

 in other primates that bring them just as near, or nearer, to man. But these also 

 prove the position of the evolutionist and the defender of the hypothesis of the com- 

 mon origin of man and the quadrumana; for it is the resemblances in the class in 

 general, and not in any one species, that he would look for. Professor Mivart says: 

 "The gibbons are more human than the orang, the chimpanzee, or gorilla, as to the 

 preponderance of the brain case over the bony face. But the smaller American 

 monkeys exceed the gibbons in this respect, while the squirrel monkey exceeds man 



