124 KANSAS Academy of science. 



infantile characteristics are more embryonic in those respects than are others, and 

 those who lack them have left them behind on the way to maturity. We have here 

 two sets of characters in which men may differ from each other. In one set the 

 characters are those of monkeys, in the other they are those of infants, and some 

 peculiarities are characteristic of both sets. Characters of the face of monkey-like 

 significance are usually the opposite to those included in the embryonic, but in both 

 the facial region of the skull is larger as compared with the cerebral. Man stops 

 short in the development of the face, and is so far embryonic. The Indo-European 

 is the highest in those things which add to beauty, according to his own ideal. In- 

 creased size of the cerebrum and retardation of the face is a main characteristic. 

 Quadrumanous indications are found in the lower classes of the most developed races. 

 The status of a race is mainly determined by the percentage of its individuals who 

 do, and do not, present the features in question. Some embryonic characters may 

 also appear in individuals of any race." 



Few faces have features that harmonize, and most faces have one or more features 

 that are immature and incomplete, and that are really either quadrumanous or em- 

 bryonic. A face in which all the features are matured and well developed and har- 

 monious IS beautiful because of the proportions and completeness. The ordinary 

 face is generally degraded and unattractive because one or more of its features are 

 incomplete and inharmonious. But to analyze the face properly, its different parts 

 and features must be studied separately, so we will begin with the superior por- 

 tion of the face, and take first the forehead. Professor Cope says (op.cit.): "The 

 facial region of the skull is larger in the quadrumana, compared with the cerebral," 

 the latter receding so that " the forehead is not full and prominent and is generally 

 retreating." The low forehead is, regardless of its bearing on mental power, a quad- 

 rumanous characteristic, and the opposite, the high, full forehead, is the advanced, 

 the human form. Sloping forehead is not necessarily a sign of mental weakness, 

 but only of the reappearance of a quadrumanous feature, and when it is accom- 

 panied by a brown, transversely wrinkled skin and low-growing hair, the resemblance 

 is altogether too suggestive to be pleasant. Still, retreating forehead.s may be seen 

 in some most distinguished men, and are no criterion of brain power. 



From an embryological point of view, we notice in the foetus and infant "that 

 the cerebral part of the skull greatly predominates over the facial" (Cope). In the 

 human infant, as in the young ape, the forehead is more full and rounded than in 

 the mature form. In the embryo the forehead is disproportionately bulging and 

 overhangs the face, so that a mature forehead that is too full is, in a sense, an 

 embryonic form — i. e., the proper growth of the face to the type of normal pro- 

 portions has not been accomplished and the forehead retains its embryonic pre- 

 dominance. Perhaps, however, it is the survival of a quadrumanous form, as the 

 little squirrel monkey of South America has a disproportionately full forehead — 

 fuller than man himself. The embryonic fullness in all the primates may therefore 

 be but the survival of a long-lost lower form, and be itself a reappearance. 



Regarding the eyebrows, Professor Cope says {op. cit.): "The superciliary ridges 

 are more fully developed in the monkeys, so that in man they are embryonic. Man 

 stops short of completeness in the development of the lower faee, and is so far em- 

 bryonic. . . . The orbits of the eyes are smaller, except in a few species, and the 

 superciliary ridges grow more from infancy to maturity than in man." In man the 

 brow is much reduced, and is thus embryonic. In the great anthropoids the super- 

 ciliary ridges are greatly extended, and in a few of the lower races of man are quite 

 prominent, but in the higher races of man are reduced. They are thus rudimentary 

 in man, but in occasional cases there is considerable development of the brow, so 

 that it shelves outward like the anthropoids, which is a reappearance. The tem- 



