126 KANSAS Academy of Science. 



times in others. In the negro the wings are spread and enlarged also, as in the 

 monkeys. Again, the American monkeys have noses with wide bases, with the nos- 

 trils set well upon the side; hence their name, Platyrrhine, wide nosed. The old- 

 world monkeys have the nostril openings set close together beneath, and are called 

 Catyrrhine, or narrow nosed. Now, it is not unusual, especially among negro 

 and other low races, to see an approach to this wide-nosed form — a wide pillar be- 

 tween the nostrils, and the latter openings set more or less on the side of the nose. 

 A slight approach to this is seen in very many individuals of the European races, 

 and occasionally an instance that is quite pronounced. This is an inheritance — an 

 interesting survival of a very low form, a form which even the old-world monkeys 

 have passed over. 



These survivals, or rather reversions, are interesting as showing that this im- 

 portant feature, when not typically developed in man, is only immature. It is an 

 interesting organ also, in that its normal development in man is superior to that of 

 other animals, and is due to accelerated growth. A fine, strong human nose is an 

 acquirement of our species since its emergence from animalism. 



By excessive and abnormal development the nose often simulates the proboscis 

 of other animals, but the resemblance is merely accidental. Yet the physiognomists 

 have made much of these resemblances as indicating the character of the indi- 

 vidual — that it resembled the animal thus simulated. This is, of course, absurd; 

 but the idea was quite popular in certain circles in former days. It was part of the 

 old physiognomy. 



Regarding the cheeks — the malar bones, the zygoma, etc. — Professor Cope says 

 {op. cit.): "The cheeks are more prominent in the quadrumana. ... In the 

 negroid and Mongolian races the malar bones are quite prominent, which is a 

 quadrumanous accelerated character. The malar bones are reduced in the Indo- 

 European races, which is a retardation, and is an embryonic condition." Most low 

 races have prominent cheek bones, and this peculiarity is usually an accompani- 

 ment of a low physical and mental stage. In the higher races the cheek bones are 

 much reduced, so that the occasional reappearance of the high malar prominence 

 among them detracts at once from the elevation of a face. Indeed, high cheek 

 bones make a low face, and are a distinctly quadrumanous inheritance. So we find 

 this feature prominent and conspicuous in most low races, and reduced and incon- 

 spicuous in the higher races — at least in the Indo-European races, which ive are dis- 

 posed to call the highest of mankind. 



The reduction of the cheek bones in the higher races is not merely an accidental 

 embryonic condition, such as occurs as a freak in the nondevelopment of the nose, 

 for instance, so far as the individual is concerned; for "in the infant the malar bones 

 are not prominent," and their retardation is a later human characteristic and their 

 acceleration a quadrumanous characteristic. There is a peculiarity of the cheeks, 

 however, that is often retained to maturity that is embryonic and a distinctly in- 

 fantile feature, and that is the enlargement of the buccinator, the "sucking'" muscle. 

 The strong development of this muscle in the infant, for physiologfeal purposes, 

 gives the cheeks of the infant their excessive fullness, which, when the food habits 

 change, become reduced by disuse (and inheritance) and the cheek falls in. making 

 the face thinner. The retention to maturity of excessively full cheeks, of the fleshy 

 part, is an embryonic feature, and gives to the face an infantile look. Yet a moder- 

 ate fullness is much to be desired, as plump cheeks are the inseparable adjuncts of 

 symmetry and beauty of the face. 



Regarding the jaws, mouth, and lips, Professor Cope says (op. cit.): "The jaws in 

 civilized man are so much retarded in development as to be quite embryonic as 

 compared with those of the monkey and some of the lower races of man. Many of 



