TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL MEETING. 129 



but we may trace the commencement of an aquiline curvature in the nose of the 

 Hooloch gibbon, and this in the Semnopithecus nasica is carried to a ridiculous ex- 

 treme."' 



Or again, Darwin says ("Expression of the Emotions"): "When animals suffer 

 from an agony of pain, they writhe and utter piercing cries and groans. With man 

 the mouth may be closely compressed, or the lips retracted and the teeth ground 

 together. Many animals grind the teeth in pain. W^hen a chimpanzee is pleased 

 or being tickled, a decided chuckling or laughing sound is uttered, the corners of 

 the mouth are drawn backward, and the lower eyelids may be slightly wrinkled, but 

 the teeth are not exposed. Their eyes sparkle and grow brighter. Young orangs, 

 when tickled, likewise grin and make a chuckling sound, and an expression like a 

 smile passes over the face. . . . When given a choice morsel, 'the corners of the 

 mouth are raised in a slight smile of satisfaction. The same movement expresses 

 pleasure in meeting a person to whom the monkey may be attached." Dogs often 

 retract the corners of the mouth and raise the lips when pleased, or when displaying 

 affection or delight. "In anger or fear, the lips of the monkeys are sometimes 

 drawn up and the mouth opened and closed to show the teeth," to frighten the 

 enemy by threatening biting. "Some species, when irritated, part the lips and gaze 

 with a fixed and savage stare. Then the crest of long hairs on the brows may be 

 drawn backward," and the brows be raised and lowered rapidly. "Some species of 

 monkeys expose the teeth, others purse the mouth so as to conceal them, or 

 pout the lips forward. Indeed, the movements of the features are really the same 

 as those from pleasure; . . . others grow red in the face when enraged; others 

 move the eyebrows rapidly up and down when excited. . . . Young orangs and 

 chimpanzees protrude the lips greatly also when displeased. Young orangs often 

 kiss each other. . . . The higher apes raise the eyebrows, and the forehead be- 

 comes, as with man, transversely wrinkled. In comparison with man, their faces 

 are less expressive, chiefly owing to their not frowning under many emotions of the 

 mind. Frowning, which is one of the most important of all the expressions in man, 

 is due to the corrugating muscle of the forehead; but though the apes possess this 

 muscle, they rarely frown, at least conspicuously. . . . The gorilla, when en- 

 raged, erects the crests of hair, depresses the lower lip, and utters terrific yells. The 

 great power of movement of the scalp of the gorilla and of some other of the quad- 

 rumana demands notice in relation to the power still possessed by some men, 

 through inheritance by reversion or persistence, of voluntarily moving the scalp. 

 . . . Astonishment is not expressed by wide-open mouth by the monkeys, as 

 with man." 



In summing up his observations, Mr. Darwin says: "That the chief expressive 

 actions exhibited by man and the lower animals are now innate and inherited — 

 that is, have not been learned by the individual — is admitted by every one. So 

 little has learning or instruction to do with some of these, that they are from the 

 earliest days and throughout life quite beyond our control. ... Many of our 

 most important expressions have not been learned; but it is remarkable that some, 

 which are certainly innate, require practice in the individual before they can be 

 performed in a full and perfect manner. . . . Slight movements, such as the 

 wrinkling of the forehead in grief, or the scarcely preceptible drawing down of the 

 corners of the mouth, are the last remnants or rudiments of strongly marked and 

 intelligible movements. They are full of significance to us in regard to expressions, 

 as are all ordinary rudiments to the naturalist in the classification and genealogy of 

 organic beings." Then again, many movements of the face in lower forms are but 

 the beginnings, the embryonic origin, of expressions that are highly developed in 

 man, as. for instance, the action of laughing. Of this movement we can see but the 

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