ANALOGY OF PLANT ORGANS. 65 



Tulipa Gessneriana,* Rnmex, etc. ; while it is by no means an un- 

 common occurrence to tiud male plants of normally dioecious or 

 monoocious character bearing female organs. f 



HoiroLOGT OF THE PiSTiL. — That the carpel is a metamorphosed 

 leaf-bladej appears obvious from many cases, wliile its analogy 

 Avith the proliferous leaf of Bri/ophylluni cahjciniiin shows that the 

 ovules are homologous with buds inserted at the sinuses, in addition 

 to the fact that leaf-buds not unfrequently replace ovules. The 

 stigmas, as Robert Brown long ago pointed out,§ are metamorphosed 

 margins of the leaf, and which usually become confluent at the 

 apex into one stigmatic surface. Hence the presence of two 

 stigmas in a flower mostly intlicatcs two carpels. 



Metamorphoses of the Pistil. — Before alluding to the Retro- 

 gressive changes of the Gi/ncecium, the substitution of pistilloid and 

 other sti'uctures in the place of ovules must be mentioned. Thus a 

 pod may be formed within an ovary, as in wallflowers, || or a grape 

 within a grape. ^ Even entire flower-buds may occur, as in 

 Siiuipis** arid Primula, or else a bunch of petals, as is not unfre- 

 quently the case in Cardamine pratensis. Lastly, more or less 

 perfect foliage-buds not unfrequently represent ovules. 



Staminoid pistils. — The development of stamens within the ovary 

 has occurred in Bceckia dio.wicefoliajf and Primula Acaidis ;|:|: while 

 ovules have been replaced by sessile anthers in Salix, Mattkiola,^^ 

 Prunus, Ranunculus auriconms, and Paionia. In Chanuerups huinihs\\\\ 

 even the placental edge has been aniheroid with pollen. 



Polleniferous ovules have been already alluded to in the case of 

 the dog-ri)se, in which the anthers bore ovules which contained 

 pollen. But, in Passiflora ccerulea and P. pnlinata, the ovules were 

 in malformed ovaries, on the edges of which the ovules were 

 carried and ' ' presented various intermediate conditions between 

 anthers and oA-ules."*!]^ 



Anthers occupying the place of stigmas appears to have occurred 

 in Cdi/tpanula,'^"'-''^' Galunthns nivalis, and double tulips. 



In 0/jhri/s insectifera the rostellum has been replaced by an 

 anther.fff 



In Colchicum aufunmale two styles were changed into antheri- 

 ferous filaments.;]::]:;]; 



Double Flowers. — There remains but one change to be con- 

 sidered ; namely, the conversion of carpels and stamens into petals. 



* De Candolle, ' Organojjraphie Vegetale,' vol. i, p. 556 (note), 

 t See Masters' ' Teratology,' chap. iv. " Heterogamy," also p. 190. 

 X Wanning appears to bring all the supposed axial instances of ovules under 

 the carpellary. — ' Ann. Sc. Xat.' 6me Ser. t. v, pp. 181-195. 

 § ' Miscell. Bot. Works of K. Brown,' vol. i, p. 558. 

 II ' Teratology.' p. 182. H I. c. p. 183. 



** ' Adansonia ' vol. iii, p. 351, pi. xii. tt ' Teratologv, p. 183. 



++ ' Bot. Zeit.' 1829, p. 422. §§ ' Teratology,' p. 299. 



nil 'Teratology,' p. 300. HIT I. c. 185. *** I. c. p. 300. 



ttt Seemann's ' Journ. of Bot.,' vol. iv, p. 167, Tab. 47, f. 1. 

 XXX Moquin-Tandon, ' Teratologic,' p. 219. 



VOL. I. — PART II. 5 



