Entomology of the Illvnois River. 195 



tions, each with a small tooth at outer side of apex; in 

 the male [Fig. 22] with a thicker rounded apex, bearing 

 small lateral teeth and another pair behind the dorsal 

 fleshy projection. 



Family TIPULIDiE. 



This family is largely aquatic, especially among the 

 Limnobiinse, no less than fourteen genera being more or 

 less definitely known to live as larvaB in water or bur- 

 rowing in saturated earth in its vicinity. Even a con- 

 siderable number of species in the genus Tipula have this- 

 habit. The diet of most species is probably vegetarian, 

 although Miall has described* a carnivorous species of 

 Dicranota which burrows in muddy shores, preying upon 

 Tuhifex rivulorum, a small aquatic worm. 



The larvae are usually pubescent, with a few small 

 bristles which assist in locomotion. The last segment 

 generally ends in fleshy projections of various forms, 

 often as prominent fleshy teeth protecting the stigmatal 

 openings. In both larva and pupa each abdominal seg- 

 ment, except the first and the last, is frequently more or 

 less divided by a pseudo-suture into an anterior and 

 posterior portion, the anterior division differing from 

 the posterior. 



A very remarkable piece of work has been carried on 

 by Th. Beling,t who has reared and described in three suc- 

 cessive articles immature forms of seventy-eight Euro- 

 pean Tipulidse, including twenty-nine species of Tipula. 

 He has arranged a key to the genera and species de- 

 scribed, but this being somewhat artificial and based 

 largely on the characters of the last segment, does not 

 work very satisfactorily for the American genera. The 

 primary subdivision of the family into two parts, which 

 seem to be of subfamily rank, is taken from Brauer. 



•Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1893, p. 235. 



tVerh. d. k. k. zool.-bot. Gesellsch. in Wien, 1873, p. 576; 1878, p. 21; and 1886, p. 171. 



