206 llUiwis State Laboratory of Natural History. 



Subfamily Tipulin^. 



The larvfle of this subfamily seem to be for the most 

 part terrestrial, living in damp situations and feeding 

 on living and dead vegetation, especially dead leaves 

 and roots. A number of species of Tipula, however, are 

 more or less aquatic, some being quite at home in shal- 

 low waters and on wet shores. Pachyrhina is scarcely 

 distinguishable from Tipula in the larval stage. It is 

 not yet known to contain aquatic species and so does 

 not appear in the key, but some species occur in the 

 bottom-lands of the river, and both genera are therefore 

 treated in full. There are a large number of species of 

 Tipulinse, and the differences are often very slight. Some 

 have soft fleshy tentacular appendages about the anal 

 opening [Fig. 33] which assist in progression, and very 

 likely act as tracheal gills— as do similar appendages in 

 Bittacomorpha and Chironomus. Many of the preceding 

 subfamily (Limnobiinae) also possess them. 



COMMON CHARACTERS. 



To avoid repetition and as a general description, the 

 characters common to all immature Tipulinse studied 

 are given here. 



ZttrvfB— These are about an inch long (20-30 mm.), 

 rather thick, cylindrical, tapering rapidly in front to the 

 head, and suddenly truncate behind; dusky gray, often 

 tinted with brownish or yellowish, covered with micro- 

 scopic short dark pubescence, sides paler. 



The exposed part of the small head is proportionally 

 broad, flat above, dark brown marked with a whitish + 

 mark. The transverse bar is at the base of the labrum, be- 

 tween the antennae; the labrum is conspicuously divided 

 into three portions; the narrower middle portion is pale 

 forming the anterior arm of the -f ; the broader lateral 

 portions are dark brown and bear stiff hairs or spines 

 and often a small tubercle. The antennsB have a broad 



