276 



METEOROLOGY IN RUSSIA. 



ally have a lower winter temperature. No long meteorological observa- 

 tions bave been made on the Murman coast, but the cities of Northern 

 Norway situated on the same ocean, and subjected also to the influence 

 of the Gulf stream, have a very similar climate. For the consideration 

 of the winter and summer temperature of the same meridian from north 

 to south we will refer to the following table : 



Meridian about 22°. 



Hammerfest, 71° N 



Torneo, 66o N 



Helsingfors, 60^> N . 

 Mitaw, 57'^ N 



Warsaw, 52° N 



Winter. Summer 



23.9 

 0.4 



20.7 

 24.8 

 27.0 



49.0 

 57.9 

 59.0 

 62.1 

 63.5 



Diff. 



25.9 

 51. 5 

 38.3 

 37.3 



36.5 



Meridian ahout 29"^ E.from Greemcich. 



Winter. Summer 



Diff. 



Wardoe, 70° N . . . . 

 Petersburg, 60° N 



Gorki, 54° N 



Kiev, 50-2 N 



Odessa, 47° N . . . . 

 Sevastopol, 45*^ N 



21.9 

 17.4 

 18.1 

 22.6 

 27. 9 

 36.9 



45.9 

 60.8 

 61.5 

 65. 3 

 70. 3 

 72.7 



24.0 

 43. 4 



43.4 

 4'J.7 

 42.4 

 3i3.8 



We see that Wardoe has nearly the same temperature in winter as 

 that of Kiev, situated 20° to the south on the same meridian. Even far 

 from the shores of the Arctic Ocean the increase of temperature from 

 north to south is very slow. It is accelerated only Avhen we approach 

 the shores of the Black Sea. Here again the warming influence of the 

 salt-water basins is felt, while the temperature of summer also increases 

 rapidly, and this for the reason that South Eussia is principally a steppe, 

 (prairie,) and such treeless regions are more heated by the sun than 

 those covered with woods. 



In the case of increase of temperature from north to south. Northern 

 and Central Eussia are very diflerent from the United States, the former 

 having the least and the latter the largest increase of temperature from 

 north to south known in any extensive region. This increase is as fol- 

 lows in Eussia, for 1 degree of latitude in degrees of Fahr. : 



From GU° N. to 50° N 

 From 50° N. to 42° N . 



Diiiereuce 



Year. 



Winter. 



0.70 



1.78 



1.08 



0. 58 

 2.79 



2.21 



Summer. 



0.76 



0.81 



0. 05 



