METEOROLOGY IN RUSSIA. 



277 



The temperature of the winter is also higher on the western coast of 

 Nova Zembla than in the northeast of European Eussia and Western 

 Siberia. It has been found to be 5.7 on the 74° north in Nova Zembla, 

 while it is - 6.5 at Berezov, (04° N.,) l.G at Ischim (50° N.,) and 10. 2 

 at Kasalinsk, on the lower Syr-Daria, (46° N.,) so that it is only 4^o 

 higher, for a difference of 28° of latitude. The mildness of winter tem- 

 perature on the Arctic Ocean is also illustrated by the fact that, while 

 this ocean does not freeze so far as the Swjotoi Noss, the Caspian and 

 Azov Seas, in a latitude of about 40°, freeze to a great extent. 



The observations made in Eussia furnish us with the means of tracing 

 the changes of temj)erature from east to west, from the Atlantic to the 

 Pacific Ocean. Generally the winter temperature decreases as we ad- 

 vance into the interior of the continent from west to east, and increases 

 a little on the eastern shores of Asia, Yet, being much lower there than 

 in Western Europe, the temperature in the interior is a little higher in 

 summer than near the Atlantic, and decreases very rapidly near the 

 Pacific, being much colder there than anywhere else on the same par- 

 allel in Europe or Asia. 



Parallel of 70° N. 



Wardoe, (Norway,) 29° E .'. 



S. E. coast of Nova Zemla, 57° E 

 Ustjavsk, 1380 E 



Diff. 



24. 

 32.4 



72.7 



Parallel of 02^ to 64° K 



Thorshavn, Feroe Island 7° W 



Soudmor, Norway, 6° E 



Wore, (Finland,) 22° E 



Ustsisolsli, 51° E 



Berezov, 65° E 



Jakutsk, 130° E 



Diff. 



1.5.5 

 28.7 

 42.0 

 51. 9 

 64.6 

 95,9 



The difference between the limited climate of the shores of the Atlan- 

 tic and the excessive climate of the interior of Eastern Siberia is strik- 

 ingly illustrated by this example. The difference of the mean temper- 

 ature of January and July in the last place is more than 100°, (January, 

 — 41.4; July, 63.3.) Unfortunately we have no observations on the 

 shores of the Pacific north of the 59th degree. The winter temperature 

 would certainly be much higher there than at Jakutsk. 



