NORTH AMERICAN STONE IMPLEMENTS. 397 



In referring to these discoveries of Dr. Koch, and some other indica- 

 tions of the high antiqnity of man in America, Sir John Lnbbocli con- 

 cludes that " there does not as yet appear to bo any satisfactory proof 

 that man co-existed in America with the Mammoth and Mastodon."* 

 Yet, it may be expected, almost with certainty, that the results of fu- 

 ture investigations in IS'orth America will fully corroborate Dr. Koch's 

 discoveries, and vindicate the truthfulness of his statements. Indeed, 

 some facts have come to light during the late geological survey of Illinois, 

 which confirm, in a general way, the conclusions arrived at by the 

 above-named explorer. According to this survey, the blue clays at the 

 base of the drift contain fragments of wood and trunks of trees, but 

 no fossil remains of animals ; but the brown clays above, underlying 

 the Loess, contain remains of the Mammoth, the Mastodon, and the Pec- 

 cary ; and bones of the Mastodon were found in a bed of "local drift," 

 near Alton, underlying the Loess in situ above, and also in the same hori- 

 zon, stone axes and fiint spear-heads, indicating the co-existence of the 

 human race with the extinct mammalia of the Quaternar}- period. f 



It must not be overlooked that both Dr. Koch and the Illinois survey 

 mention flint arrow and spear-heads as well as stone axes as being asso- 

 ciated, directly or indirectly, with the remains of extinct animals. 

 These stone axes undoubtedly were ground implements ; for, had they 

 differed in any way from the ordinary Indian manufactures of the same 

 class, the fiict certainly would have been noticed by the observers. 

 Thus far, then, we are not entitled to speak of a North American pal- 

 aeolithic and neolithic period. In the new world, therefore, the human 

 contemporary of the Mastodon and the Mammoth, it would seem, was 

 more advanced in the manufacture of stone weapons than his savage 

 brother of the European drift period, a circumstance which favors the 

 view that the extinct large mammalia ceased to exist at a later epoch 

 in America than in Europe. The remarks of Lieutenant-Colonel C. H. 

 Smith on this point are of interest. " Over a considerable part of the 

 eastern side of the great (American) mountain ridge," he says, "more 

 particularly where ancient lakes have been converted into morasses, or 

 have been filled by alluvials, organic remains of above thirty species of 

 mammals, of the same orders and genera, in some cases of the same 

 sp'ecies, (as in Europe,) have been discovered, demonstrating their ex- 



totally unprepared for such revelatious. Not beiiif? asfteutiiicpalaeoutolo^isfr, bo cer- 

 tainly made some mistakes in putting together the bones of the animals exhumed by 

 liim ; but these failings, in my opinion, have no bearing on his observations relative to 

 the co-existence of man with extinct animals in North America. Only a short time 

 ago some remarks tending to depreciate Dr. Koch's account were made by Dr. Schmidt, 

 in an article on the antiquity of man in America, published in vol. v, of the Archie fur 

 Atith'ojmlogie. I may state here that I was personally acquainted with Dr. Koch, whom 

 I saw rejDeatedly at the meetings of the Academy of Science of Saint Louis. 



* Prehistoric Times, 1st ed., j). 236. 



f Geological Survey of Illinois, by A. H. Worthen, vol. i, (1866,) p. 38; quoted in 

 Transactions of the Academy of Science of Saint Louis, vol. ii, (1868,) p. 567, 



