43.2 C. J. Sundevall on the Wings of Birds. 



11. Flexor digiti profundus, attached to the ulna under 

 No. 8 {fl. carpi uln.). — Sinew thick, passing under the 

 ligamentum carpi proprium to the radial edge of the meta- 

 carpus, through the same sheath as the sinew of the pre- 

 ceding, but outside of it, continued along the inner side of 

 the radial edge to the articulation of the second phalange, 

 where it passes transversely across the margin of the hone 

 inwards to the middle of the front margin of the articular 

 surface. In Cypselus, Falco, &c. it is attached here; but 

 in Anas it passes at this point into a longitudinal groove in 

 the radial margin of the second phalange (which forms at the 

 base a complete aperture), and is attached in the middle of 

 the radial margin of the second phalange. The sinew passes by 

 that of the flexor sublimis, but does not pierce it as in the 

 Mammalia. It appears to flex the finger, and especially the 

 second joint, in opposition to No. 3. 



13. Flexor carpi radialis lies under the preceding, attached 

 to the ulna, and not so high up as in man ; passes obliquely 

 forward to the os carpi anticum, under the sinews of the two 

 flexores digitorum (10, 11), curves forward around the above- 

 mentioned bone in its groove, and attaches itself at the outer 

 side of the basis metacarpi. — Flexes the hand and turns it 

 outwards. 



h. Short muscles (as on the outer side) . 



13. Pronator superior, from the upper anterior side of the 

 condylus internus to the middle part of the radius ; inserted 

 upon the anterior part of the inside of the latter ; usually 

 very strong. Appears to act, in birds, like Nos. 6, 7, and the 

 following one, partly as a flexor, partly to hold together and 

 strengthen the joint, for pronation is impossible. — This and 

 the next together represent the pronator teres in man. 

 Schopss calls this (No. 13) brevis, and the next (14) longus, 

 which, when applied to most birds, is reversed or incorrect ; 

 the names must therefore be changed. 



14. Pronator inferior (s. profundus), lies generally under 

 the preceding, between the condylus internus and the radius. 



