C. J. Sundevall on the Wiiujs of Birds. 435 



P. martins, and Jynx; Psittacusmagnus, Gm., P. amazonicus, 

 and Columba livia, Scliopss et ipse. 



AcciPiTRES : Strix nisoria. S. liturata, Astur palumbarius 

 [Pernis apivorus) ; Aquila albicilla and BiUeo vulgaris, 

 Scliopss, 



Gallin/E : Gallus domesticus, Scli. et ipse ; Tetrao tetrix 

 and Lagopus saliceti. 



GralLjE : Struthio, Otis, and Fulica, Schopss ; Scolopax 

 rusticola, Grus, Charadrius phwialis, and Ciconia nigra. 



Natatores : Anas glacialis, Sterna hirundo, Uria grylle, 

 and Mormon arcticus ; Aptenodytes, Scliopss, 



All the species enumerated furnished with a song-apparatus 

 {Oscines) agree so completely in the structure of the 

 muscles^ that I can scarcely separate any except Hirundo. 

 They are distinguished from the other Orders especially as 

 follows : — 



a. The bellies of the muscles are plump and rounded^ and 

 shorty so that the sinews of the larger ones occupy about 

 half, or more, of the length of the cubitus, 



b. The fascia ulnaris is very thin, not very visible from 

 without, and wraps round the hinder group of flexors of the 

 forearm like an imperfect sheath. The flexor digiti sublimis 

 lies upon the flexor carpi ulnaris in the middle beneath the 

 fascia, and commences near the humerus with a short, very 

 slender, fleshy part. 



c. The hinder bundle of flexor muscles here referred to lies 

 much further out towards the remiges in front of the ulna 

 than in other birds, which is due to the fact that the ulna is 

 nearly straight, with only the superior |— i bent upwards, and 

 the other end still less curved in the opposite direction 

 (therefore very slightly S-shaped), From these causes, cited 

 vmder a, b, and c, a considerable space is left for the before- 

 mentioned pits or depressions of the skin on the inner side 

 of the cubitus, 



d. The humerus is almost entirely clothed with muscles, 

 which is due in part to their large size, in part and espe- 

 cially to the fact that the deltoideus goes down to the con- 

 dylus externus, and attaches itself there near the extensor 



