C. J. Sundcvall on the Wings of Birds. 449 



APPENDIX I. 



Systematic Arrangement*. 



In order to avoid too maay degrees of division we shall 

 only remark here that the so-called Song-birds alone 

 are included in the undermentioned Legio prima ; and that 

 all the others, which constitute Legiones secunda, tertia, and 

 quarta, have not five pairs of muscles to the lower larynx. 

 The differences in structure of these two chief divisions have 

 been copiously referred to in what precedes, as also in the 

 often cited " Ornithologiska System " in Vet.-Acad. Handl. 

 for 1835. 



If, with the view of obtaining greater symmetry in the 

 arrangement, it be desired to retain the binary division in 

 accordance with the nature of the hinder toe and the young, 

 adopted in the place just cited and by many authors, we get 

 the first two " Legiones " together in one, and the last two 

 in the other division ; but we are then compelled to remark 

 (as I have done, loc. cit. p. 67) that the species belonging to 

 the Legio secunda resemble those of Legiones tertia and 

 quarta in the principal parts of their structure, but not those 

 of the Legio prima with which they are arranged. It must 

 also be remarked that the hinder toe in a Raptorial bird, a 

 Cuckoo, or even a Picus is never so large or formed in the 

 same way as in a Song-bird ; it is always narrower at the 

 base, a little raised, &c., and approaches the form of that in 

 the Gallinse, Waders, and Water-birds; and, further, that 

 many genera with long supporting hinder toes occur in both 

 the great divisions, which usually have it small and uplifted, 

 namely, Penelope, the whole cohort of the Herodii (Ardea), 

 and the whole Order Totipalmes, 



Legio prima (" Volucres,'" Vet.-Acad. Handl. 1835). 

 Constitutes only the Ordo prima f- 



* [It will be of course recollected by our readers that this an-angement 

 was in considerable degree modified by the author in his * Tentamen ' 

 (187— ?).— Ed.] 



t The divisions which are here cited immediately under the Orders 

 correspond exactly to those which are called " Zunft " by Oken, which 



