54 PROCEEDINGS OF THE 



and they are also said to be used as a substitute for coffee. Bean 

 Cake and the sauce known comniercially as "Soy" is also made 

 from them. It is stated that in the nianufacture of the Soy of 

 Commerce, in addition to the beans, the requirements are simply 

 a large amount of salt and flour, and an unlimited supply of fresh 

 water. Wenchow is an imj)ortant centre of the manufacture, and 

 here the bean used for the purpose is said to be chiefly the white 

 form from Chinkiang. 



The cultivation has been extended to India, Africa, and other 

 warm countries, and in America the plant has been grown for a 

 number of years (25 at least) as a forage crop. Like many other 

 leguminous plants, it has a s|)ecial value as a green manure. 



The principal use of the beans in this country is for the extrac- 

 tion of the oil, of which they contain about 18 per cent, suitable 

 for soap-making, and in general as a substitute for cotton-seed oil. 

 The residue, after the extraction of oil, is suitable for feeding 

 cattle, and for this purpose appears likely to become a serious 

 competitor of cotton-seed cakes, sunflower-seed cakes, linseed cakes, 

 &c. The beans can be bought in London at about £5 to £0 per 

 ton ; the oil realises about £21 to £22 per ton, aiid the cake about 

 £Q to =£7 per ton. 



Beans and bean-cake exported from China have gone chiefly to 

 Japan, and certain ])arts of Asia, but recently, beginning about 

 November 1908, an important trade has been developed in them, 

 more especially with the beaiis, betw een Manchuria and Europe, 

 Dairen (Dalny) being the chief place of export. 



The cause of this sudden development may, perhaps, be attri- 

 buted to the facts that a great increase in the cultivation took 

 place in Manchuria during the Eusso-Japanese war, to meet the 

 demands for food of the Eussian Army ; then, when the troops 

 were withdrawn, the production being found profitable, and the 

 home demand reduced, other markets were sought. The trade 

 extended to Japan, and afterwards, assisted perhaps by a period 

 of depression in that country, it extended to Europe, where the 

 industry has created interest in many quarters. 



The amount of the l!t08 crop sent to Europe through Vladi- 

 vostok up to J uly 1909, was 1 80,000 tons, the greater part destined 

 for the English market (Hull and Liverpool), and the i-emainder 

 going to fterman (Hamburg) and Scandinavian ports. 



T7p to 1907 the export of Soy beans from Manchuria did not 

 exceed 120,000 tons annually. During 1908 the export rose to 

 330,000 tons (one half shipped from Dairen ; 100,000 tons from 

 Newchang, and 65,000 tons by rail via Suifenho to Vladivostok), 

 the increase it is said being due entirel}- to the demand from 

 Europe. The total of the 1909 crop exported has been estimated 

 at about 700,000 to 800,000 tons. It is anticipated that at 

 present prices Europe may eventually take at least 1,000,000 tons 

 annually. 



Mr. Craib (Visitor), 'Mr. Bunzo Hayata (from Tokyo), and 

 Dr. Stapf gave further details, and Mr. Holland rephed. He 



