swem: RE:poK'r on the claciatkd area of kansas. 155 



the surface the clay was so hard that picks had to be used. This 

 will illustrate the information obtained from other wells similarly 

 placed in river valleys. Big Soldier creek, which flows south 

 through the western part of the Pottawatomie Indian Reservation, 

 shows evidence in its banks and bed of having changed consider- 

 abl}^ its course from the preglacial channel, though it is still in its 

 preglacial valley. At Rock Ford, about one mile west from the 

 Agency building, this stream has for its bed a level limestone floor 

 which reaches up the stream for 100 feet, and extends laterally 

 from bank to bank. On the west bank a two foot layer of lead 

 colored shale lies immediately over the limestone. In the upper 

 part of this and rising over it is glacialdebris, consisting of pebbles, 

 bowlders (one foot in diameter,) red clay and red sand, all com- 

 pactly cemented together. This is two feet thick. On the east 

 side this debris overlies, as on the west bank, the lead colored shale. 

 Here above it there are 18 feet of reddish clay in which pebbles, 

 rounded and angular, are scattered. The limestone floor originally 

 extended down stream at least 150 yards. It has been eroded back 

 to Rocky Ford, where there is a fall of four feet, leaving still 100 

 feet of the floor visible. It does not seem probable that the stream 

 originally flowed over this floor with- banks of shale only two feet 

 in height. On a small scale, I think here we have an example of 

 falls formed through glacial agency. The computation of the age 

 of these falls might yield interesting results. 



Bowlders are not frequent near the Missouri river in Doniphan 

 county. In the vicinity of Wathena and Iowa Point I saw none. 

 Near White Cloud one granite bowlder two feet in diameter was ob- 

 served. Bowlders are noticeably absent in the region of Troy, and 

 between Troy and Severance, until within a mile of Severance. 

 Here angular blocks of Sioux quartzite half a foot in diameter ap- 

 pear in a creek bed. Nearer Severance, where the native rock juts 

 out upon the road, are blocks of quartzite of the same size, and also 

 rounded blocks of limestone up to a foot and a half in diameter. 

 Here I saw for the first time what I often observed subsequently. 

 the arrangement of bowlders along ridges of outcropping lime- 

 stone. The occurrence of bowlders in the bottom of wells 40 to 50 

 feet in depth is not uncommon. Bowlders commonly occur in 

 creek beds, wherever the streams cut through native rock or are 

 near exposures of native rock. 



Approaching Horton from the east the bowlders increase 

 in size and number. West of Horton about five miles are several 

 large quartzite bowlders. One is 12 feet in length and 4 feet high. 

 Speaking generally of the whole region traversed, the small 



